MONOSACCHARIDES

ALPINE SKI HOUSE

 REACTION OF
MONOSACCHARIDES
Oxidation of sugar provides energy for organism to carry out
their life processes; the highest yield of energy from
carbohydrates occurs when sugar are completely oxidized to
𝑪𝑶𝟐 and 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 in aerobic processes.
The reverse of complete oxidation of sugar is the reduction of
𝑪𝑶𝟐 and 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 to form sugars, a process that takes place in
photosynthesis.

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 2

 Aldehyde groups can be
oxidized to give the carboxyl
group that characteristic of
acids, and this reduction is
the basis of a test for the
presence of aldose.
 Aldose are called reducing
sugar because of this type of
reaction; ketoses can be also
be reducing sugar because
they isomerize to aldose.

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 3

• Tollens reagent, which
uses the silver ammonia
complex ion,
𝐴𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 2+ , as the
oxidizing agent.
• A more recent method for
detection of glucose, but
not other reducing sugar,
is based on the use of the
enzymes glucose oxidase,
which is specific for
glucose.
ALPINE SKI HOUSE 4
• Deoxy sugar, a hydrogen
atom is substituted for one
of the hydroxyl groups pf
the sugar.
• Glycoprotein indicates that
these substances are
conjugated proteins that
contains some
carbohydrate group (glykos
is Greek for “SWEET”) in
addition to the polypeptide
chain.

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 5

Carboxyl group of a
sugar is reduced to a
hydroxyl group, the
resulting compound is
one of the polyhydroxy
alcohols known as
alditols.

Two compound of
alditols:
 Xylitol
 Sorbitol
ALPINE SKI HOUSE 6
What are some important esterification reaction of sugar?
the phosphate ester are particularly important because
they are the usual intermediates in the breakdown of
carbohydrates to provide energy.

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 7

What are glycosides, and
how they form?
Glycosides – compound in
which one or more sugars
are bonded to another
molecule.
Glycosidic bond – a bond
between sugar and another
molecule

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 8

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 9
ALPINE SKI HOUSE 10
What are some other important
derivatives of sugars?
Amino sugars – sugars with
a substituted amino group as part
of its structure.

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 11

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 12