Phi-Coefficient

Conceptual Explanation

By: Annabelle F. Saraos

A Phi coefficient is a non-parametric test of
relationships that operates on two dichotomous
(or dichotomized) variables. It intersects
variables across a 2x2 matrix to estimate
whether there is a non-random pattern across
the four cells in the 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
parametric correlation coefficient, the possible
values of a Phi coefficient range from -1 to 0 to
+1.
A Phi coefficient is a non-parametric test of
relationships that operates on two dichotomous
(or dichotomized) variables. It intersects
variables across a 2x2 matrix to estimate
whether there is a non-random patte
Dichotomous
means that the
rn across
atrix.
the four cells in the 2x2 mdata Simi
can take on lar to a
only two values.
parametric correlation co efficient, t he possible
values of a Phi coefficient range from -1 to 0 to
+1.
A Phi coefficient is a non-parametric test of
relationships that operates on two dichotomous
(or dichotomized) variables. It intersects
variables across a 2x2 matrix to estimate
Like –
whether there is a non-random patt ern across
• Male/Female
• Yes/No
the four cells in the 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
• Opinion/Fact
• Control/Treatment
parametric correlation coefficient, t he possible
values of a Phi coefficient range from -1 to 0 to
+1.
It intersects variables
across a 2x2 matrix to
estimate whether there is
a non-random pattern
across the four cells in the
2x2 matrix. Similar to a
parametric correlation
coefficient, the possible
values of a Phi coefficient
range from -1 to 0 to +1.
 It intersects variables
across a 2x2 matrix to
What does estimate whether there is
this mean? a non-random pattern
across the four cells in the
2x2 matrix. Similar to a
parametric correlation
coefficient, the possible
values of a Phi coefficient
range from -1 to 0 to +1.
 It intersects variables
across a 2x2 matrix to
Here is an
estimate whether there is
example a non-random pattern
Data Set across the four cells in the
2x2 matrix. Similar to a
parametric correlation
coefficient, the possible
values of a Phi coefficient
range from -1 to 0 to +1.
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
across a 2x2 matrix to
estimate whether there is
a non-random pattern
across the four cells in the
2x2 matrix. Similar to a
parametric correlation
coefficient, the possible
values of a Phi coefficient
range from -1 to 0 to +1.
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
across a 2x2 matrix to
estimate whether there is
a non-random pattern
Two Di chotomous across the four cells in the
Variables 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
parametric correlation
coefficient, the possible
values of a Phi coefficient
range from -1 to 0 to +1.
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A across a 2x2 matrix to
B estimate whether there is
C a non-random pattern
D across the four cells in the
E 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F
parametric correlation
G
coefficient, the possible
H
I
values of a Phi coefficient
J range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K
L
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1
parametric correlation
G 2
coefficient, the possible
H 2
I 2
values of a Phi coefficient
J 1 range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1
L 2
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation
G 2 2
coefficient, the possible
H 2 1
I 2 2
values of a Phi coefficient
J 1 1 range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 Male
2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation
G 2 2
coefficient, the possible
H 2 1
I 2 2
values of a Phi coefficient
J 1 1 range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 Male
2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation
G 2 2
coefficient, the possible
H 2 1
I 2 2
values of a Phi coefficient
J 1 1 range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation
G 2 2
Female
coefficient, the possible
H 2 1
I 2 2
values of a Phi coefficient
J 1 1 range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation
G 2 2
Female
coefficient, the possible
H 2 1
I 2 2
values of a Phi coefficient
J 1 1 range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1 2 ametric correlation
Single
G 2 2 par
coefficient, the possible
H 2 1
I 2 2
values of a Phi coefficient
J 1 1 range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1 2 ametric correlation
Single
G 2 2 par
coefficient, the possible
H 2 1
I 2 2
values of a Phi coefficient
J 1 1 range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x matrix. Similar to a
Married
F 1 1
parametric
2 correlation
G 2 2
coefficient, the possible
H 2 1
I 2 2
values of a Phi coefficient
J 1 1 range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x matrix. Similar to a
Married
F 1 1
parametric
2 correlation
G 2 2
coefficient, the possible
H 2 1
I 2 2
values of a Phi coefficient
J 1 1 range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation
G 2 2
coefficient, the possible
H 2 1
I 2 2
values of a Phi coefficient
J 1 1 range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation
G 2 2
coefficient, the possible
H 2 1
I 2 2
values of a Phi coefficient
J 1 1 range from -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coefficient, t he possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a P hi co efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coefficient, t he possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a P hi co1 efficient

J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 2 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 2 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 3 1 1 parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 2 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 3 1 1 parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficient
J 4 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to 0 to +1.

K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 2 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 3 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlITuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficient
J 4 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to 0 to +1.

K 5 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 2 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 3 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coefficient, t he possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlITuAeLs Married
of a P hi co1 efficient
J 4 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to 0 to +1.

K 5 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coefficient, t he possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a P hi co1 efficient

J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 1 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 1 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 1 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 3 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 1 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 3 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 4 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficient
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 1 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 3 2 2
coefficient, t he possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 4 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a P hi co1 efficient

J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coefficient, t he possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a P hi co1 efficien
4 t
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficien
4 t
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficien
4 t
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
1 2 1
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficien
4 t
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
1 2 1
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
H
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficien
4 t
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.
K 1 1
L 2 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
1 2
coefficient, t he possible
Male Female
H 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlITuAeLs Married
of a P hi co1 efficien
4 t
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to +1.

K 1 1
L 2 2 1
Subjects Gender Marital Status
1= Male 1 = Single
2= Female 2 = Married
It intersects variables
A 1 2 across a 2x2 matrix to
B 1 1 estimate whether there is
C 1 1 a non-random pattern
D 2 2 across the four cells in the
E 2 2 2x2 matrix. Similar to a
F 1 1
parametric correlation GENDER
G 2 2
coefficient, t he possible
Male Female
H 2 1
I 2 2 MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a P hi co1 efficien
4 t
J 1 1 SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to 2+1.
K 1 1
L 2 1
 It intersects variables
across a 2x2 matrix to
estimate whether there is
a non-random pattern
across the four cells in the
2x2 matrix. Similar to a
parametric correGlEaNtDiEoRn
coeffic ient, the possible
Male Female
MvAaRlTIuAeLs Married
of a Phi co 1 efficien
4 t
SrTaATnUgSe from
Single -1 to
5 0 to 2+1.
positive phi-coefficient would indicate a
systematic pattern in which “higher” coded
values on one variable are associated with
“higher” coded values on the other variable.

GENDER Phi-
Male Female Coefficient

MARITAL Married 4 1 +.507

STATUS Single 2 5
In
A terms of how
positive to coefficient
Phi interpret this value,
would hereindicate
is a helpfulthat
rule of
thumb:
most of Value
theofdatar are in theStrength
diagonal cells.
of relationship
positive -1.0
phi-coefficient
to -0.5 or 1.0 to 0.5 would
Strongindicate a
-0.5 to -0.3 or 0.3 to 0.5 Moderate
systematic pattern in whichWeak
-0.3 to -0.1 or 0.1 to 0.3
“higher” coded
values on-0.1one
to 0.1 variable are Noneassociated
or very weak with

“higher” coded values on tGhEeNDoERthervariable.

Male Female
MARITAL Married 4 1 +.507
STATUS Single 2 5
In terms of phi-coefficient
positive how to interpret thiswould
value, here is a helpful
indicate a rule of
thumb:
systematic
Valuepattern
of r in whichStrength
“higher” coded
of relationship
values on
-1.0one
to -0.5 variable
or 1.0 to 0.5 are Strong
associated with
-0.5 to -0.3 or 0.3 to 0.5 Moderate
“higher”-0.3coded values on the
to -0.1 or 0.1 to 0.3 Weak other variable.
-0.1 to 0.1 None or very weak

GENDER
Male Female
MARITAL Married 4 1 +.507
So, the interpretation
STATUS would be,
Single 2
5
In terms of phi-coefficient
positive how to interpret thiswould
value, here is a helpful
indicate a rule of
thumb:
systematic
Valuepattern
of r in whichStrength
“higher” coded
of relationship
values on
-1.0one
to -0.5 variable
or 1.0 to 0.5 are Strong
associated with
-0.5 to -0.3 or 0.3 to 0.5 Moderate
“higher”-0.3coded values on the
to -0.1 or 0.1 to 0.3 Weak other variable.
-0.1 to 0.1 None or very weak

GENDER
Male Female
MARITAL Married 4 1 +.507
So, the interpretation
STATUS would be, that
Single 2 there is a strong relationship
5
between marital status and gender
In terms of phi-coefficient
positive how to interpret thiswould
value, here is a helpful
indicate a rule of
thumb:
systematic
Valuepattern
of r in whichStrength
“higher” coded
of relationship
values on
-1.0one
to -0.5 variable
or 1.0 to 0.5 are Strong
associated with
-0.5 to -0.3 or 0.3 to 0.5 Moderate
“higher”-0.3coded values on the
to -0.1 or 0.1 to 0.3 Weak other variable.
-0.1 to 0.1 None or very weak

GENDER
Male Female
MARITAL Married 4 1 +.507
So, the interpretation
STATUS would be, that
Single 2 there is a strong relationship
5
between marital status and gender with being male making it
more likely you are married and being female making it more likely
you are single.
 Phi Coefficient Example
• A researcher wishes to determine if a significant
relationship exists between the gender of the
worker and if they experience pain while
performing an electronics assembly task.

• One question asks “Do you experience pain

while performing the assembly task? Yes No”

• The second question asks “What is your

gender? Male Female”
• A researcher wishes to determine if a significant
relationship exists between the gender of the
worker and if they experience pain while
performing an electronics assembly task.
e question asks “Do you experience pain while
performing the assembly task? Yes No”

• The second question asks “What is your

gender? Male Female”
• performing the assembly task? YesA researcher
wishes to determine if a significant relationship
exists between the gender of the worker and if
they experience pain while performing an
electronics assembly task.
e question asks “Do you experience pain while
No”

• The second question asks “What is your

gender? Male Female”
Two survey questions are asked of the
workers:
• One question asks “Do you experience
pain while performing the assembly
task? Yes No”

• The second question asks “What is your

gender? Male Female”
Two survey questions are asked of the
workers:
• “Do you experience pain while
performing the assembly task? Yes No”

• The second question asks “What is your

gender? Male Female”
Two survey questions are asked of the
workers:
• “Do you experience pain while
performing the assembly task? Yes No”

• “What is your gender?

Female Male”
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Step 1: Null and Alternative Hypotheses

• Ho: There is no relationship

between the gender of the worker
and if they feel pain while
performing the task.
• H1: There is a significant
relationship between the gender of
the worker and if they feel pain
while performing the task.
Step 1: Null and Alternative Hypotheses

• Ho: There is no relationship

between the gender of the worker
and if they feel pain while
performing the task.
• H1: There is a significant
relationship between the gender of
the worker and if they feel pain
while performing the task.
Step 1: Null and Alternative Hypotheses

• Ho: There is no relationship

between the gender of the worker
and if they feel pain while
performing the task.
• H1: There is a significant
relationship between the gender of
the worker and if they feel pain
while performing the task.
Step 2: Determine dependent and
independent variables and their formats.
Step 2: Determine dependent and
independent variables and their formats.
Step 2: Determine dependent and
independent variables and their formats.
• Gender is the independent variable
• Feeling pain is dichotomous, dependent
Step 2: Determine dependent and
independent variables and their formats.
• Gender is the independent variable
• Feeling pain is dichotomous, dependent
An independent variable
is the variable doing the
causing or influencing
Step 2: Determine dependent and
independent variables and their formats.
• Gender is the independent variable
• Feeling pain is the dependent variable
Step 2: Determine dependent and
independent variables and their formats.
• Gender is the independent variable
• Feeling pain is the dependent variable
Step 2: Determine dependent and
independent variables and their formats.
• Gender is the independent variable
• Feeling pain is the dependent variable

A dependent variable is
the thing being caused
or influenced by the
independent variable
Step 2: Determine dependent and
independent variables and their formats.
• Gender is the independent variable
• Feeling pain is the dependent variable
Step 2: Determine dependent and
independent variables and their formats.
• Gender is the independent variable
• Feeling pain is the dependent variable
• Gender is a dichotomous variable
Step 2: Determine dependent and
independent variables and their formats.
• Gender is the independent variable
• Feeling pain is the dependent variable
• Gender is a dichotomous variable

In this study it can only

take on two variables:
1 = Male
2 = Female
Step 2: Determine dependent and
independent variables and their formats.
• Gender is the independent variable
• Feeling pain is the dependent variable
• Gender is a dichotomous variable
• Feeling pain is a dichotomous variable
Step 2: Determine dependent and
independent variables and their formats.
• Gender is the independent variable
• Feeling pain is the dependent variable
• Gender is a dichotomous variable
• Feeling pain is a dichotomous variable

In this study it can only

take on two variables:
1 = Feel Pain
2 = Don’t Feel Pain
Step 3: Choose test statistic
 Step 3: Choose test statistic
• Because we are investigating the relationship between
two dichotomous variables, the appropriate test statistic
is the Phi Coefficient
Step 4: Run the Test
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (4)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes
to the pain item (6)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (11)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No
to the pain item (8)
Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (4)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes
to the pain item (6)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (11)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No
to the pain item (8)
Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes
to the pain item (6)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (11)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No
to the pain item (8)
Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes
to the pain item (1)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (11)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No
to the pain item (8)
Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (1)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (2)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No
to the pain item (8)
Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (1)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (2)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No
to the pain item (13)
 Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (6)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (11)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item (8)
Males Females Total

Yes
12 B E
No
C D F
Total
G H
 Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (4)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (1)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (11)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item (8)
Males Females Total

Yes
4 1 E
No
C D F
Total
G H
 Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item 12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (1)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (2)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item (8)
Males Females Total

Yes
4 1 E
No
2 D F
Total
G H
 Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (1)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (2)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item (13)
Males Females Total

Yes
12 1 E
No
2 13 F
Total
G H
 Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (1)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (2)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item (13)
Males Females Total

Yes
12 1 E
No
2 13 F
Total
G H
 Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (1)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (2)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item (13)
Males Females Total

Yes
12 1 E
No
2 13 F
Total
14 H
 Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (1)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (2)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item (13)
Males Females Total

Yes
12 1 E
No
2 13 F
Total
14 H
 Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (4)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (6)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (11)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item (8)
Males Females Total

Yes
4 6 E
No
11 8 F
Total
14 14
 Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (1)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (2)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item (13)
Males Females Total

Yes
12 1 E
No
2 13 F
Total
14 14
 Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (1)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (2)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item (13)
Males Females Total

Yes
1 12 13
No
13 2 F
Total
14 14
 Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (12)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (1)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (2)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item (13)
Males Females Total

Yes
12 1t
13
No
2 13 F
Total
14 14
 Step 4: Run the Test
• The Phi Coefficient should be set up as follows:
– Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item (4)
– Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item (6)
– Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item (11)
– Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item (8)
Males Females Total

Yes
1 12 13
No
13 2 15
Total
14 14
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

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
(efgh)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes
a=1 b = 12 e = 13
No
c = 13 d=2 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 12∗13 −(1∗2) 154.0

Φ= = = = .788
(𝑒𝑓𝑔ℎ) 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No
c=2 d = 13 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 𝟏∗2 −(12∗13) 154.0

Φ= = = = .788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 13∗15∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No
c=2 d = 13 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 1∗2 −(12∗13) 154.0

Φ= = = = .788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 13∗15∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No
c=2 d = 13 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 1∗2 −(𝟏2∗13) 154.0

Φ= = = = .788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No
c=2 d = 13 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 1∗2 −(12∗13) 154.0

Φ= = = = .788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 13∗15∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes
a=1 b = 12 e = 13
No
c = 13 d=2 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 1∗2 −(12∗13) 154.0

Φ= = = = .788
(𝒆𝑓𝑔ℎ) 𝟏3∗15∗14∗14 195.5
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes
a=1 b = 12 e = 13
No
c = 13 d=2 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 1∗2 −(12∗13) 154.0

Φ= = = = .788
(𝑒 𝒇 𝑔 ℎ 13∗𝟏5∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes
a=1 b = 12 e = 13
No
c = 13 d=2 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 1∗2 −(12∗13) 154.0

Φ= = = = .788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗𝟏𝟒∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No
c=2 d = 13 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 1∗2 −(12∗13) 154.0

Φ= = = = .788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗𝟏𝟒 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No
c=2 d = 13 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 1∗2 −(12∗13) -𝟏𝟓𝟒.𝟎

Φ= = = = .788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 13∗15∗14∗14 𝟏𝟗𝟓.𝟓
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes - Pain
a=1 b = 12 e = 13
No - Pain
c = 13 d=2 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 1∗2 −(12∗13) -154.0

Φ= = = = -.788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 13∗15∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes - Pain
a=1 b = 12 e = 13
No - Pain
c = 13 d=2 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14
Result: there is a strong relationship between gender and feeling pain with
females feeling more pain than males.

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 12∗13 −(1∗2) 154.0

Φ= = = = -.788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes - Pain
a=1 b = 12 e = 13
No - Pain
c = 13 d=2 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 12∗13 −(1∗2) 154.0

Φ= = = = -.788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
)
Remember that with the Phi-coefficient the sign (-/+) is irrelevant
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes - Pain
a=1 b = 12 e = 13
No - Pain
c = 13 d=2 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14
We could have switched the columns and have gotten the same value but
with a different sign.

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 12∗13 −(1∗2) 154.0

Φ= = = = -.788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes - Pain
a=1 b = 12 e = 13
No - Pain
c = 13 d=2 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14
We could have switched the columns and have gotten the same value but
with a different sign.

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 12∗13 −(1∗2) 154.0

Φ= = = = -.788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes - Pain
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No - Pain
c = 13 d=2 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14
We could have switched the columns and have gotten the same value but
with a different sign.

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 12∗13 −(1∗2) 154.0

Φ= = = = -.788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes - Pain
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No - Pain
c = 13 d=2 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14
We could have switched the columns and have gotten the same value but
with a different sign.

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 12∗13 −(1∗2) 154.0

Φ= = = = -.788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes - Pain
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No - Pain
c=2 d = 13 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14
We could have switched the columns and have gotten the same value but
with a different sign.

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 12∗13 −(1∗2) 154.0

Φ= = = = -.788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes - Pain
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No - Pain
c=2 d = 13 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14
We could have switched the columns and have gotten the same value but
with a different sign.

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 𝟏𝟐∗𝟏𝟑 −(𝟏∗𝟐) 154.0

Φ= = = = -.788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes - Pain
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No - Pain
c=2 d = 13 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14
We could have switched the columns and have gotten the same value but
with a different sign.

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 𝟏∗𝟐 −(𝟏𝟐∗𝟏𝟑) 154.0

Φ= = = = -.788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes - Pain
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No - Pain
c=2 d = 13 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14
We could have switched the columns and have gotten the same value but
with a different sign.

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 𝟏∗𝟐 −(𝟏𝟐∗𝟏𝟑) 154.0

Φ= = = = +.788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
)
 Phi Coefficient Test Formula

Males Females Total

Yes - Pain
a = 12 b=1 e = 13
No - Pain
c=2 d = 13 f = 15
Total
g = 14 h =14

(𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑) 𝟏∗𝟐 −(𝟏𝟐∗𝟏𝟑) 154.0

Φ= = = = +.788
(𝑒 𝑓𝑔 ℎ 15∗13∗14∗14 195.5
The Result)is the Same: there is a strong relationship between gender and
feeling pain with females feeling more pain than males.
Step 5: Conclusions

There is a strong relationship between gender and pain

with more males reporting pain than females.
• Both males and females have pain (or no pain) at equal
frequencies.
Males Females

Yes - Pain 12 1
No - Pain 2 13
Step 5: Conclusions

There is a strong relationship between gender and pain

with more females reporting pain than males.
• Both males and females have pain (or no pain) at equal
frequencies.
Males Females
Yes - Pain 12 1
No - Pain 2 13
Step 5: Conclusions

There is a strong relationship between gender and pain

with more males reporting pain than females.
• Both males and females have pain (or no pain) at equal
frequencies.
Males Females
Yes - Pain 12 1
No - Pain 2 13
QUIZ

A researcher wishes to determine if a significant

relationship exists between the gender of the
worker and if they experience pain while performing
an electronics assembly task.

One question asks “Do you experience pain while

performing the assembly task? Yes or No”

The second question asks “What is your gender?

___ Male ___ Female”
SOLUTION:

Step 1: Null and Alternative Hypotheses

Ho: There is no relationship between the gender of the

worker and if they feel pain while performing the task.
H1: There is a significant relationship between the gender of
the worker and if they feel pain while performing the task.

Step 1A: Determine dependent and independent variables

and their formats.
Gender is dichotomous, independent
Feeling pain is dichotomous, dependent
Step 2: Choose test statistic

Because we are investigating the relationship

between two dichotomous variables, the appropriate test
statistic is the Phi Coefficient.

Step 3: Choose Alpha Level

Use Alpha Level = .05

Interpreted as “There is a 5% chance that a
significant relationship really does not exist although the
results indicate one does (5% chance of committing a Type I
error or stated as 5% chance of rejecting the Null hypothesis
when in reality it is false).
Step 4: Determine the Critical Score

For the Phi Coefficient, the critical score is

determined using a Chi Square Table.
The first column is the Degrees of Freedom and the other
columns are the Alpha levels.
The degrees of freedom for the Phi Coefficient is equal to
1.00
(Rows-1)(Columns-1)= (2-1)*(2-1)=1.00
At .05 and DF = 1.00, the critical score is 3.84
Step 5: Run the Test

The Phi Coefficient should be set up as

follows:
Box A contains the number of Males that said Yes to
the pain item
Box B contains the number of Females that said Yes to
the pain item
Box C contains the number of Males that said No to
the pain item
Box D contains the number of Females that said No to
the pain item
Table Cells

Males Females Total

Yes A B E
No C D F
Total G H

Data

Males Females Total

Yes 4 6 10
No 11 8 19
Total 15 14 29
Phi Coefficient Test Formula
Step 6: Compare your score to the critical
score

To interpret the .17, you need to convert it to

a Chi Square value.
To do this, multiply N X (Phi Coeff)^2
If the obtained score is greater than the
critical score, reject the Null and accept the
alternative. In this example, 29 X .17^2 = .84
Since .84 is less than 3.84, do not reject the
Null Hypothesis.
Step 7: Conclusions

There is no significant relationship

between the genders of the workers
and if they feel pain while they perform
the task. Both males and females have
pain (or no pain) at equal frequencies.