MICROWAVE IMAGING FOR BREAST CANCER

DETECTION

Delivered by,
Surja Kanta Pariary
Roll no-18EC63R06
CONTENTS OF THE PRESENTATION
• Introduction
• Statistics showing no. of breast cancer effected people all
over the world .
• Breast cancer symptoms and procurement strategy.
• Old breast cancer detection methods and challenges
regarding them.
• What is microwave imaging?
• Different types of microwave imaging methods.
• Fast 3-D tomographic microwave imaging method for breast
cancer detection.
• Setups used in 3-D tomographic imaging
• Experimental (pictorial) results.
. Challenges of microwave imaging techniques & need of
millimeter wave imaging.
• References
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Introduction:
• Breast cancer is cancer that develops
from breast tissue. Signs of breast
cancer may include a lump in the breast,
a change in breast shape, dimpling of
the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a
newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly
patch of skin. In those with distant
spread of the disease, there may
be bone pain, swollen lymph
nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow
skin.

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Statistics showing no. of breast cancer effected people all over world .

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Breast cancer symptoms and procurement strategy.
Symptoms:
• swelling of all or part of the breast
• skin irritation or dimpling
• breast pain
• nipple pain or the nipple turning
inward
• redness, scaliness, or thickening of
the nipple or breast skin
• a nipple discharge other than
breast milk
• a lump in the underarm area
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Procurement strategy:
1) Breast self-exam should be part of your
monthly health care routine, and you should
visit your doctor if you experience breast
changes.
2) you should also have an annual mammogram
and physical exam by a doctor. The earlier
breast cancer is found and diagnosed, the
better your chances of beating it.
3) Surgery for Breast Cancer
• Radiation for Breast cancer
• Hormone Therapy for Breast Cancer
• Targeted therapy for Breast Cancer
Etc.
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Previously used methods for breast cancer detection & their challenges:
• Detection of cancer can be
done in various ways and
usually depends on the stage
in which the cancerous
tumors are traced. Basic
methods like X-rays,
ultrasound, CT (Computed
Tomography) scan, MRI
(Magnetic Resonance
Imaging) scan and biopsy are
quite efficient in detecting
the tumors in the initial
stages.
• Some of the advanced tumor
detection techniques like
endoscopy, DRE (Digital
Rectal Exam), endo-anal
ultrasound, fine needle
aspiration biopsy,
colonoscopy and
sigmoidoscopy are used to
detect tumors in specific
areas like rectum, anus,
abdomen, lungs, etc.
Challenges:
• In X-Ray Mammography considerable amount of power enter in to
the body.it also have ionization effect .So consecutive exposure to X-
Ray it self is very harmful.
• Computed Tomography image has very less resolution so due to the
presence of adequate adipose tissue(fat) some times at falsely
detect or even can not detect.
• Although MRI can find some cancers not seen on a mammogram, it’s
also more likely to find something that turns out not to be cancer
(called a false positive). This is why MRI is not recommended as a
screening test for women at average risk of breast cancer, because it
would result in unneeded biopsies and other tests for many of these
women.
• SO MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES ARE SHIFTED
TOWARDS VERY HIGH FREQUENCY(300MHz to 300GHz) & very low
power Microwave Imaging where 2D,3D reconstruction of images are
possible.
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What is Microwave imaging?
• BIOMEDICAL imaging is experiencing an increased interest among
research institutions, pharmaceutical companies, and hospitals due • Fast 3-D Tomographic
to unique properties such as noninvasiveness, wide applicability Microwave Imaging for
range, and potential sensitivity and high specificity. .Most clinical Breast Cancer Detection
imaging modalities are currently based on the interaction of either • Microwave Imaging for
electromagnetic or acoustic waves with body tissues and fluids . In Early Breast Cancer
the realm of electromagnetic waves, a large portion of the spectrum Detection Using a
has already been exploited, from very high frequencies (positron Shape-based Strategy.
emission tomography, X-ray/computed tomography), to lower and
nonionizing frequencies such as infrared ,near-infrared , terahertz, • Realistic Microwave
and low megahertz regions where magnetic resonance Breast Models Through
(MR)operates. A portion of the spectrum much less investigated is T1-Weighted 3-D MRI
Microwave imaging. Electromagnetic waves , the means by which Data .
microwaves transport power and information, are well understood etc.
and their propagation can be accurately simulated in a large variety
of environments. A brief discussion on the
first technique is followed
• .The interaction of electromagnetic waves and matter depends on now…..
dielectric properties which can be directly related to various types of
biological constituents due to their varying degree of06water content: 7
 Fast 3-D Tomographic Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection
• Microwave breast imaging (using electromagnetic waves of frequencies around 1 GHz) has mostly
remained at the research level for the past decade , gaining little clinical acceptance. The major
hurdles limiting patient use are both at the hardware level (challenges in collecting accurate and non-
corrupted data) and software level (often plagued by unrealistic reconstruction times in the tens of
hours). In this paper we report improvements that address both issues.-
• (1) First, the hardware is able to measure signals down to levels compatible with sub-centimeter image
resolution while keeping an exam time under 2 min.
(2) the software over comes the enormous time burden and produces similarly accurate images in less
than 20min.The combination of the new hardware and software allows us to produce and report here
the first clinical 3-D microwave tomographic images of the breast.
The microwave imaging techniques presently being pursued are generally either radar or tomography.
With respect to radar technology, the most advanced concepts appear to be confocal microwave imaging
and near field synthetic focusing .
Most of these efforts are occurring at the simulation and prototype stages where the goal is to identify
and optimize the design rather than report on electrical characteristics of breast tissues per se. In
addition, most of the microwave breast cancer detection algorithms currently used in conjunction with
actual hardware are burdened with significant computational times which currently limit their clinical
utility. For example, it is not uncommon to wait tens of hours or even days for a single 3-D microwave
tomographic image.
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Setups used in 3-D tomographic imaging:

The data acquisition platform takes advantage of the most recent hardware advancements to achieve state of the art data acquisition
speed in a clinical setup, thus representing a major improvement over our past system . A photograph as well as a schematic
representation of the illuminating chamber are presented in Fig. 1: an array of 16 monopole antennas is organized in a circular fashion,
each antenna sequentially transmitting an electromagnetic wave which propagates through the breast within the imaging region.
Measurements are collected at the remaining 15 antennas so that those close to the radiator mainly measure waves reflected off
tissue surfaces whereas those opposite to the transmitter mainly measure transmitted waves. The multi-view scattered intensity and
phase distributions provide information about the local dielectric properties of the trans-illuminated tissues.
Our prototype allows for cross-plane measurements by having the antennas divided into two interleaved sets of eight
antennas controlled by separate motors for their vertical positioning. The hydraulic seals in the tank base have been
designed to allow free vertical antenna motion over the full tank span, ensuring proper data acquisition for all breast
sizes from the chest wall to the nipple region. 08 9
Experimental result:
A major limitation of current microwave imaging algorithms, in addition to being mostly applied to simulated
data, is their heavy computational burden, typically reaching tens of hours or even days for single3-D
images. Conversely , our newest implementation produces images from measurement data in typically less
than 10 min on a dual 2.8 GHz Intel Xeon processor, with further speed improvement expected. This ultra-
fast processing is possible because of our low profile antenna geometry and the lossy background within
which they are embedded.

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Challenges of Microwave imaging and introduction to
millimeter wave imaging:
To have better resolution and low cost solution, microwave imaging is shifting towards
millimeter wave imaging (THz imaging) .

• REFERENCES:-
• https://www.wikipedia.org
• https://www.ieee.org
• https://images.google.com
• www.indiancancersociety.org
• https://www.cancer.org
• Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk*, Senior Member, IEEE, Paul M. Meaney, Member,
IEEE,Peter A. Kaufman, Roberta M. diFlorio-Alexander, and Keith D. Paulsen,
Member, IEEE

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