Digital

Digital Image
Image
Watermarking
Watermarking
By
MASEERA NOOREEN
(03-08-4006)
 Overview
• Introduction
• Background
Watermark Properties
Embedding
Detection
• The Project
Introduction
Embedding
Detection
• Conclusions
 Introduction
• Watermark--an invisible signature
embedded inside an image to show
authenticity or proof of ownership
• Discourage unauthorized copying and
distribution of images over the internet
• Ensure a digital picture has not been
altered
• Software can be used to search for a
specific watermark
 Background
Watermark Properties
• Watermark should appear
random, noise-like sequence
• Appear Undetectable
• Good Correlation Properties
High correlation with signals
similar to watermark
Low correlation with other
watermarks or random noise W=[1 0 0 1 0
• Common sequences 01101
A) Normal distribution 11010
B) m-sequences 01111
0 1 0 0 0]
 Project:
Introduction
•Possible for watermark to be binary sequence
•Error-correction coding techniques
•Use convolutional codes
•Decode by Viterbi algorithm
•Compare with non-coding method
•See if it improves watermark detection
•More or less robust to attacks?
Additive noise, JPEG Compression, Rescale,
Unzign
•Performance assessed by correlation coefficient
 Watermark Embedding

Watermark Original Image Watermarked image

•Watermark placed into information content of Original Image to create

Watermarked Image
•Image Content
Spatial Domain (Least Significant Bit)
FFT - Magnitude and Phase
Wavelet Transforms
DCT Coefficients
 Setup-Watermark
Embedding
DCT 1000 IDCT Water-
Image Highest marked
Coeff Image

Water- Conv Inter-

mark Code leave

•DC Component Excluded for 1000 Highest Coefficients

•Interleaving prevents burst errors
•Watermarked Image Similar to original image
•Without coding, ignore Conv Code and Interleave block
Original Image Watermarked Image, No Coding

•512x512 “Mandrill” Image

•See Handout
•Both watermarks imperceptible
•Alterations to original image
difficult to notice

Watermarked Image with

Coding
 Watermark Detection
* =

Suspected Image Extracted Original Correlation

Watermark Watermark

•Watermark Extracted from Suspected Image

•Compute correlation of Extracted and Original Watermark
•Threshold correlation to determine watermark existence
Watermark Detection
 Convolutional Codes
C0

Input=[...1011010101100000000]
G0 = [1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1]
G1 = [1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1]

C1

•Output C0 = conv(G0,Input); Output C1=conv(G1,Input)

•Convolutional code implemented using linear shift registers
•Adds redundancy for error-correction
•Encoding/Decoding well researched
•Good coding performance, very popular
State Viterbi Decoding
0 …
1 …
2 …
3 …
•Find most likely path through trellis
•Begin and end at all zero state
•Upper arrows => input=0, Lower arrow =>input=1
•Every possible input/output combination is compared
with the received output
•Optimal Decoding Method
No Coding: With Coding:
Additive Noise(0,900) Additive Noise (0,900)

•Zero mean additive noise, variance=100, 400, 900

•Both methods had high correlation
•Coding method performed slightly better
•For variance = 900
 (no coding) = 77%
p (coding) = 84%
4:1 JPEG Compression, 4:1 JPEG Compression
No coding With Coding

•JPEG Compression: 1.4:1, 2.2:1, 4:1 ratio

•Both methods resistant to JPEG compression
•Coding method outperformed non-coding method
•Perfect detection for coding method
Watermark removal using Unzign Convert to grayscale and resize

•Unzign--watermark removal software

•Image resized to 512x512 and convert to grayscale before detecti
•Moderate detection for without coding:
(no coding) = 57%
(coding) = 23%
•Coding method sensitive to resizing
 Conclusions

•Convolutional coding more immune to additive noise and

JPEG Compression
•Coding method fragile w.r.t. rescaled images
•Moderate detection levels for unzigned images
•Further Suggestion:
Try block DCT
Use Wavelet Transform
Exploit Human Visual System
Questions