Microprocessor and Assembly

Language
What is Computer

Data Processing

Data Storage
Major Components of a Computer

SYSTEM BUS
I/O MEMORY

CPU
What is CPU

CPU
What is CPU?

The Central Processing Unit (or P)

Control Unit & Instruction

Decoder

Arithmetic/Logic Unit

Registers
Speed of CPU based on
• It’s Clock
• Format of an instruction
• Parallel nature of instruction execution
• Access time to its memory & I/O
Memory
• Two different types of information stored in memory
• Instruction
• Data
Example: Adding 2 numbers, addition operation is an instruction and the actual
numbers are data
I/O
• Input Device : transfers outside information into computer
Ex: keyboard, mouse, scanner, camera….
• Output device: allows computers to inform their internal states &
data to the outside world.
Ex: Monitor, speakers, printers……
Buses
• Think of them as roads that connect different parts of a computer
• 3 types of Buses
• Address Bus
• Data Bus
• Control Bus
Address Bus
• Carry the CPU generated address out to memory & I/O devices
• It is unidirectional and only travel outward from CPU
• No. of address lines that a microprocessor has determines the size of
the memory space that it can access
Memory size

No of Add. lines Size of memory space

8 28 = 256
16 216 = 65 536 = 64 K
20 220 = 1 048 576 = 1 M
24 224 = 16 777 216 = 16 M
32 232 = 4 294 967 296 = 4 G
Data Bus
• These are the data signals that travel out of and into the P (bi-
directional).
• The number of wires in the data bus depends on the word size that
the P operates with.
• An 8-bit P will have a data bus consisting of 8 wires and a 32-bit P
will have a data bus with 32 wires.
Control Bus
• The control bus consists of wires, some of which carry signals from
the CPU to external devices, while others carry signals from external
devices to the CPU.
• The number of wires present in the control bus varies from one P to
another.
• Examples of control bus signals are READ, WAIT.
Cache
• Faster but smaller memory type.
• Small so reduce the memory access latency
• Ex: A library with a person behind the desk (LE) (he is
responsible to give you the book you want).
• you will read the book it the library and return it.
• Customer A ask for book A. LE gets the book from store
room, returns to counter and give it to him.customer A will
return the book in few minutes. So LE goes to storeroom,….
• Customer B comes and ask for book A
• LE goes to storeroom…….
• Is there a way to improve the performance????
Cache
• Yes, we can give LE a backpack to store the last 10 books that
customers return
• The backpack is a cache for this system!
• If the data is not is cache (cache miss), are we wasting time???
• We can have 2 level cache.
• Main memory is much larger than cache
Microprocessor, Microcomputer and
microcontroller
• P : CPU unit packaged in a single chip. Ex: Intel Pentium family
Two classes of Computers
• General Purpose Computer System (GPCS):
Example: Desktop and Laptop
In this type of computer many different software can be installed
and run to do many different jobs. Example, MSWord software
does the word-processing job
• Application Specific Computer (ASC) Also called Embedded
System)
Example: Computer used in mobile telephone, video camera and
many other intelligent electronic devices
In this type of computer a specific software runs all the time and
does a single specific job. An ASC is very small in size (typically,
just a small PCB and few ICs). C is the main IC in embedded
system
History of Microprocessor
• A microprocessor (sometimes abbreviated µP) is a digital electronic
component with transistors on a single semiconductor integrated
circuit (IC).
• A Central processing unit (CPU) in a computer system or handheld
device consists of one or more microprocessors.
• A Microprocessor is essentially a set of
switches. Using photographic technology a massive
set of electronic switches is superimposed onto a very
small piece of silicon.
• Through the use of binary language, which consists of
only two states; one and zero (on and off), these can
be used to store information and perform operations
on it.
• A bit refers to one binary digit; a zero or one. In
computer memory and processing this refers to the
state of one switch. The transistors are arranged into
groups in order to represent complex numbers and
instructions
• PDF File
• Microprocessors are classified into different types on the basis of the bit of
operation. Based on bit of operation at a time, the following are the types
of microprocessors:
• ==> 4 bit. e.g. Intel 4004
• ==> 8 bit. e.g. Intel 8085, 8088, Zilog Z80, Z180
• ==> 16 bit. e.g. Intel 8086, 80186, 80286, 80386,
• ==> 32 bit. e.g. Intel Pentium, Celeron, AMD Sempron
• ==> 64 bit. e.g. AMD Athlon.

• Based on the instruction set microprocessors are classified into:

• RISC — Reduced Instruction Set Computing. These types of processors are
commonly used in ovens, air conditioners, etc.
• CISC — Complex Instruction Set Computing. The types of processors are
used in desktops, laptops and servers.
Microcomputer : A computer that uses P as its CPU. Ex: PC
(Micro)C created by packaging CPU, Memory and
I/O parts and buses in a single VLSI(very large scale
integration) chip.