Rennie Puspa N,M.Farm.

Klin,Apt

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 Endocrine Glands
• Hypothalamus • Islets of Langerhans
• Pituitary • Gonads
– Anterior lobe
– Ovaries
– Posterior lobe
– Testes
• Thyroid gland
• Pineal gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Adrenal Glands • Thymus
– Cortex • others
– Medulla

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 Hypothalamus
• Part of brain
– Regulates ANS,
emotions,
feeding/satiety, thirst,
body temperature, etc.
– Hormones related to
these functions
• “Releasing hormones”
• Axonal transport to
posterior lobe

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 Hypothalamus

• “Releasing” hormones
regulate Anterior Pituitary
– Growth hormone-releasing H.
– Growth hormone-inhibiting H.
– Thyrotropin-releasing H.
– Corticotropin-releasing H.
– Gonadotropin-releasing H.
– Prolactin-releasing H.

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 Hypothalamus
• Hypothalamic cell bodies
synthesize oxytocin and ADH
• There are no blood vessels that
connect the hypothalamus to the
posterior pituitary
• Axonal transport to posterior
pituitary
• Release from posterior pituitary

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 Pituitary
• Anterior lobe (= adenohypophysis)
– Growth H. (hGH)
– Prolactin
– Melanocyte-stimulating H. (MSH)
– Thyroid-stimulating H. (TSH)
– Adrenocorticotropic H. (ACTH)
– Follicle-stimulating H. (FSH)
– Luteinizing H. (LH)

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 Pituitary—Anterior lobe
• Growth hormone (GH
or hGH)
– Promotes mitosis, cell
division
– Elongation of long
bones, etc.
– Healing of wounds
– Lack of hGH retards
growth

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 Pituitary—Anterior lobe
• Growth hormone
Lack of hGH retards growth
Charles Stratton, 1838-1883,
“adopted” & trained by P.T.
Barnum.
“General Tom Thumb”
~ 33 in. (84 cm) tall
Married Lavinia Warren,
1863.
Died of CV disease.

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 Pituitary—Anterior lobe
• Growth hormone
– Oversecretion in youth
produces giantism
– Oversecretion in adult
produces acromegaly

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 Pituitary—Posterior lobe

• Posterior lobe
(= neurohypophysis)
• Site of release of
hormones synthesized
in hypothalamus
– Oxytocin
– Antidiuretic H. (ADH)

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 Pituitary—Posterior lobe
• Oxytocin
– Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of
uterus & mammary glands.
• Antidiuretic H.
– Stimulates water reabsorption in collecting
ducts.
– Stimulates vasoconstriction (vasopressin)
– Lack  diabetes insipidus
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 Thyroid Gland
• Location in neck
– Inferior to larynx
– Anterior & lateral to trachea
• Thyroid hormones exist in two
forms:
– Triiodothyronine (T3)
– Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
(also called thyroxine)
– Approx. 90% T4 and 10% T3
secreted.
• Calcitonin
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 Thyroid Gland
• Composed of follicles
– Follicle cells produce thyroglobulin
• Thyroxin (T4)
• Triiodothyronine (T3)
– Parafollicular cells
• Calcitonin

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 Parathyroid Glands
• Four small glands
embedded in posterior
of thyroid
– Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
– Stimulates osteoclasts
to free Ca from bone
– Stimulates Ca uptake
from intestine

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 Adrenal Glands
• One on top of each kidney
– Cortex
• Steroid hormones
– Medulla
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine

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 Adrenal Glands
• Cortex
– Activity stimulated by
ACTH
– Mineralcorticoids
• Aldosterone
– Glucocorticoids
• Cortisol
– Gonadocorticoids
• Androgens
• Estrogens

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 Adrenal Glands
• Medulla
– Develops as
“misplaced”
sympathetic ganglion
– Cells are modified
neurons (lack axons)
– Epinephrine (80%)
– some Norepinephrine
(20%)

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 Islets of Langerhans
• “About a million”
embedded in pancreas
• Control centers for
blood glucose
• Insulin from beta cells
• Glucagon from alpha
cells

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 Islets of Langerhans
• Insulin stimulates
glucose uptake,
glycogenesis
• Glucagon stimulates
glycogenolysis,
glucose release from
liver

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 Gonads
• Ovaries
– Estrogens
– Progesterone
• Testes
– Testosterone, etc.
• Reproductive functions when we study
reproductive system.

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 Pineal gland
• Suspended in third
ventricle from
diencephalon
• Melatonin
– ? Inhibits early puberty
– ? Day/night cycles
• Timing of sleep, body
temperature, appetite

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 Thymus
• = “Thymus
gland”
• Thymopoietins,
thymic factor,
thymosins
– Influence
development of T
lymphocytes

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 others
• Stomach → gastrin, somatostatin
• small intestine → somatostatin, secretin
• Heart  ANP
• Kidneys  erythropoietin
• Adipose tissue  leptin
• Skin  cholecalciferol (vit. D precursor)
• Placenta  progesterone
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