ETHERNET

By-

Pankaj Bisht
Ashish Patwal
Rahul Dhiman
 Ethernet (cont..)

It is a frame based Computer network

Technology for Local Area Networks.
This is covered by the IEEE 802.3
standard that defines what is commonly
known as the CSMA/CD protocol.
Ethernet Overview (contd.)
Ethernet by definition is a broadcast
protocol
◦ Any signal can be received by all hosts
◦ Switching enables individual hosts to
communicate
Network layer packets are transmitted over
an Ethernet by encapsulating
Frame Format

64 48 48 16 32
Dest Src
Preamble Type Body CRC
addr addr
CS 640 .
Ethernet (cont..)

Three data rates are currently

defined for operation over optical fiber and twisted-
pair cables:
• 10 Mbps—10Base-T Ethernet
• 100 Mbps—Fast Ethernet
• 1000 Mbps—Gigabit Ethernet
10-Gigabit Ethernet is under development.
Characterstics ..
There are other technologies but Ethernet has
survived as the major LAN technology
because its protocol has the following
characteristics :
• Is easy to understand, implement, manage,
and maintain
• Allows low-cost network implementations
• Provides extensive topological flexibility
for network installation.
Our Focus is Ethernet
History
◦ Developed by Bob Metcalfe and others
at Xerox PARC in mid-1970s
The CSMA/CD Access Method..
Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision
Detection, a set of rules determining how
network devices respond when two devices
attempt to use a data channel
simultaneously (called a collision).
Standard Ethernet networks use CSMA/CD
to physically monitor the traffic on the line
at participating stations. If no transmission
is taking place at the time, the particular
station can transmit. If two
The CSMA/CD Access Method
stations attempt to transmit simultaneously, this
causes a collision, which is detected by all
participating stations. After a random time
interval, the stations that collided attempt to
transmit again. If another collision occurs, the
time intervals from which the random waiting
time is selected are increased step by step. This is
known as exponential back off. CSMA/CD is a
type of contention protocol.  Networks using the
CSMA/CD procedure are simple to implement but
do not have deterministic transmission
characteristic
Collision Detection.
A begins to
transmit at
t=0
A B
B begins to
transmit at
t= tprop-
A B B detects
collision at
t= tprop

A B

A detects
collision at
t= 2 tprop-
Ethernet Evolution
10 Base 5 (Thicknet) (Bus Topology)
10 Base 2 (Thinnet) (Bus Topology)
10 Base T (UTP) (Star/Tree Topology)
10 Base FL (Fiber) (Star/Tree
Topology)
Ethernet Evolution
10BASE5 {1983}
10 Mbps
500 meter segment length
Signal-regenerating repeaters
Thick Coax
◦ Advantages: Low attenuation, excellent noise immunity,
superior mechanical strength
◦ Disadvantages: Bulky, difficult to pull, transceiver
boxes too expensive
* Wiring represented a significant part of total
installed cost.

Networks: Ethernet 11
Ethernet BUS Topology
Ethernet Evolution
10BASE2 Cheapernet {1985}
 10 Mbps
 185 meter segment length
 Signal-regenerating repeaters
 Transceiver was integrated onto the adapter
 Thin Coax (coax thinner and lighter)
◦ Advantages: Easier to install, reduced hardware
cost, BNC connectors widely deployed  lower
installation costs.
◦ Disadvantages: Attenuation not as good, could not
support as many stations due to signal reflection
caused by BNC Tee Connector.

Networks: Ethernet 13
Ethernet Evolution
1BASE5 StarLAN {1987}
1 Mbps
250 meter segment length
Signal-regenerating repeaters
Transceiver integrated onto the adapter
Hub-and-Spoke topology (star topology)
Two pairs of unshielded twisted pair
◦ Advantages: Since four or more UTP are
ubiquitous in buildings, it is easier to use
installed wiring in the walls. Telephone wiring
is hierarchical  can use wiring closets.

Networks: Ethernet 14
Ethernet Evolution
10BASET {1990} **Most popular
10 Mbps
100 meter segment length
Signal-regenerating repeaters
Transceiver integrated onto adapter
Two pairs of UTP
Hub-and-spoke topology {Hub in the closet}
◦ Advantages: could be done without pulling new
wires. Each hub amplifies and restores incoming
signal.

Networks: Ethernet 15
Ethernet STAR Topology
Open system interconnection
International Standard Organisation (ISO)
has proposed Open System
Interconnection(OSI) reference model
which provides a framework of data
communication protocols.OSI model
addresses the problem of interconnection
of different computer and associated
devices.
 Open System Interconnection
Model
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical
 OSI Layers
Physical:To send the data bit stream over
Communication network.
Data Link:To recover from Transmission
error.
Network:Concerned with routing and
congestion control.
Transport:To receive the data from session
layer and divide it into pieces to pass it to
network layer.
OSI Layers (contd..)
Session:Establishesa session for
communication between two hosts.
Presentation:Serves as an interface
between Application and Communication
network.
Application:To provide the facility to use
the other layer.
Advancement.
A newer version of Ethernet, called
100Base-T (or Fast Ethernet), supports
data transfer rates of 100 Mbps. And the
newest version, Gigabit Ethernet supports
data rates of 1 gigabit (1,000 megabits)
per second.