Transformer P1

Electrical Machines ECEG 4407
Review of Transformer
• Essentially, a transformer consists of two or more

windings coupled by mutual magnetic flux
• When the primary winding is connected to an ac
source , an alternating flux will be produced whose
amplitude will depend on the primary voltage, f, N,
l, A and the permeability of the core
• The mutual flux induces voltage on the other
winding, secondary winding , whose magnitude
depends on φ, N2 and f
• The essence of transformer action depends on the
presence of a mutual flux linking the two windings
1
• The windings can be linked through air

• However, to make the action more efficient the
windings are usually coupled through iron or
ferromagnetic core
• These type of transformers are called iron core
transformers.
• Our discussion concentrates on this type of
transformer
• To reduce eddy current loss in the core, the
magnetic circuit usually consists of a stack of thin
laminations
2
• Two most common types of construction
Fig. (a) core type (b) shell type
3
• Silicon-steel laminations are generally used for

transformers operating at frequencies below a few
hundred hertz
• Silicon steel has the desirable properties of low cost,
low core loss, and high permeability at high flux
densities (1.0 to 1.5 T).
• The cores of small transformers used in circuits at
high frequencies and low energy levels are
sometimes made of compressed powdered
ferromagnetic alloys known as ferrites.
• In each configuration there is a leakage flux which
links one winding with out linking the other
4
Example
1. A 20-kVA, 3810/230-V, 50-Hz single-phase transformer

operates at a maximum flux density of 1.25 teslas, for which
the iron requires a value of H = 0.356 At/mm. The core cross-
section is 0.016 m2 and the mean length of the magnetic path
through the core is 1.4m. The primary and secondary turns
are 860 and 52 respectively. It is decided to use the
transformer as an inductor and to keep the reactance
substantially constant with current, the core is sawn through
transversely and packed with brass to give an 'air' gap. If the
secondary winding is used, find the length of the air gap so
that when carrying rated current, the maximum flux density is
not exceeded. What is then the inductance and the reactance
at 50 Hz?
5
Principle of Operation of Real Transformer
A more complete model of a transformer should take into

account the effects of:
Winding resistance which constitutes the copper loss
Leakage flux which causes the leakage inductance
(reactance) that produces the voltage drop that is
added to the emf induced by the mutual linking flux
The finite excitation current due to the finite
permeability of the core
In some cases capacitance of the winding, for
transformers working above audible frequency range
and during surge due switching or lightening in power
transformers.
6
Equivalent Circuit of Real Transformer
To begin the development of equivalent circuit of a

transformer, first let us consider the primary winding.
The flux linking the primary winding has two
components:
 The resultant mutual flux, that is confined in the
iron core
 The leakage flux links only the primary winding
and caused the leakage inductance L1.
Consequently the leakage reactance is given by:
X1=2πfL1
7
• The primary terminal voltage V1 is sum of I1R1, X1I1

and the emf induced E1 due to the mutual flux.
• The resultant flux linking the two windings is
produced by the combined mmfs.
• Thus the current in the primary winding is
considered to have two comments:
i. the exciting current Iφ (non sinusoidal)
producing the mutual flux and
ii. the load current I’2that counter acts the mmf
produced by the secondary winding current.
8
• Finally,
• Because of the secondary winding resistance R2 and

leakage flux in secondary winding (x2), E2 is not equal
to the secondary winding terminal voltage V2,thus the
complete equivalent ckt will be as fig (c)
9
10
Example
2. The parameters of the equivalent circuit of a 100kVA,

2500/250V single phase transformer are: R1=0.4Ω,
R2=0.04Ω, X1=0.8Ω, X2=0.08Ω, RC=12kΩ and
Xm=1.6 kΩ. If the transformer operates at rated load
with 0.8 lagging power factor, find
a. the primary terminal voltage V1
b. the voltage regulation
c. the efficiency of the transformer
11
Autotransformer
12
Autotransformer
• A transformer with the primary and the secondary

windings having electrical connection as shown
below is called autotransformer
• The winding bc has to be provided with extra

insulation as it must be insulated against the
maximum full voltage of the autotransformer
13
Autotransformer
• An autotransformer is characterized by :
lower leakage reactance lower loss
 lower exciting currents
 has lower cost than the two winding

transformers when the voltage transformation
ration close to 1:1
14
Voltage and current in autotransformer
(a) step down autotransformer (b)step up autotransformer
• As the volts per turn is the same for the whole

winding, we’ve
𝑉1 𝑁1
=
𝑉2 𝑁2
15
Cont…
• Neglecting the magnetizing current, the magnetizing mmf
and the demagnetizing mmf are equal
𝑁1 𝐼1 = 𝑁2 𝐼2
• Thus,
𝑉2 𝑁2 𝐼1
= = =𝑘
𝑉1 𝑁1 𝐼2
=> 𝑉1 𝐼1 = 𝑉2 𝐼2
=> Input apparent power = Output apparent power

16
Out put of Autotransformer
• Since the windings are connected magnetically and

electrically, power is transferred both inductively
(transformer action) and conductively
• Output apparent power= 𝑉2 𝐼2
• Apparent power transferred inductively =𝑉2 (𝐼2 −𝐼1 ) = 𝑉2 (𝐼2 −𝑘𝐼2 )

=𝑉2 𝐼2 1 − 𝑘 = 𝑉1 𝐼1 1 − 𝑘
• Power transferred conductively =Input –power transferred inductively

= 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡((1 − 𝑘)
= 𝑘 ∗ 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
17
Saving of Copper in Autotransformer

• The length of copper required in a winding is proportional
to the number of turns and the cross-sectional area of the
winding wire is proportional to the current rating
• Therefore, the volume and weight of Cu required in a

winding is proportional to the product of current & turns
18
Saving of Copper in Autotransformer
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑁1 − 𝑁2 𝐼1 + 𝑁2 (𝐼2 −𝐼1 )

=
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑁1 𝐼1 + 𝑁2 𝐼2
𝑁1 𝐼1 −𝑁2 𝐼1 +𝑁2 𝐼2 −𝑁2 𝐼1 )
=
𝑁1 𝐼1 +𝑁2 𝐼2
𝑁1 𝐼1 + 𝑁2 𝐼2 − 2𝑁2 𝐼1
=
𝑁1 𝐼1 + 𝑁2 𝐼2
2𝑁2 𝐼1
=1−
𝑁1 𝐼1 + 𝑁2 𝐼2
2𝑁2 𝐼1
=1− ; 𝑁1 𝐼1 = 𝑁2 𝐼2
2𝑁1 𝐼1
=1−𝑘
19
Conversion of Two-Winding Transformer Into

Autotransformer
20
Conversion of Two-Winding Transformer Into

Autotransformer
• The output of the transformer is :
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼2 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 𝐼2 𝑉2 1 + 1 = 𝑆 1 + 1
𝑉2 𝑉
𝐼2 2 𝐼2
= 𝑉1 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 𝑉1 𝐼1 1 + =𝑆 1+
𝐼1 𝐼1
Where S is the KVA rating of the two winding transformer
 When a two-winding transformer is converted into autotransformer, the kVA rating of
the resulting autotransformer is greatly increased. This higher rating results from the
conduction connection
• If the windings are connected in series opposition fashion, the new

output will be
𝑉2 𝑉2
𝐼2 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = 𝐼2 𝑉2 −1 =𝑆 −1
𝑉1 𝑉1
• The differential connection is not used as it is not
advantageous as the cumulative connection
21
Advantages and Disadvantages of an

Autotransformer
Advantages when compared against two winding
transformer of the same rating
requires less Cu than a two-winding
 The common core can be would with a wire
with smaller cross sectional area, less Cu
operates at a higher efficiency
has better voltage regulation
has smaller size
requires smaller exciting current
Note
• These advantages of the autotransformer
decrease as the ratio of transformation increases
22
Advantages and Disadvantages of an

Autotransformer
Disadvantages
 The output is not isolated from the input as the

primary and the secondary have direct connection
 It is not safe for stepping down a high voltage to a

low voltage
 Very high short circuit current
23
Application of Autotransformer
Autotransformers are used:
 to compensate for voltage drops in transmission

and distribution lines. When used for this purpose,
they are known as booster transformers.
 for reducing the voltage supplied to a.c. motors
during the starting period
 for continuously variable supply
 Application that require variable ac from a fixed ac
input
24
Example
1. A 120-kVA 1200/120-V transformer is to be connected so as to

form a step-up autotransformer). A primary voltage of 1200 V is
applied to the transformer
(a) What is the secondary voltage of the transformer?
(b) What is its maximum volt ampere rating in this mode of
operation?
(c) Determine the powers that are transferred inductively and
conductively
(d) Calculate the rating advantage of this autotransformer
connection over the transformer 's rating in conventional
1200/120- V operation
25
Assignment
1. For an autotransformer with the leakage reactances and windings

resistances and the other parameters as shown in the figure below:
a) determine the equivalent circuit of the transformer, with shunt
excitation branch(Rc and Xm), referred to the primary side
b) determine the expression for the primary and secondary side voltages
and then draw the phase diagram
26
Three Winding Transformer
• Generally required when actual loads or auxiliary loads are

required to be supplied at a voltage different from that of
either primary or secondary voltage
• An unloaded tertiary winding is also used just for the

stabilizing purpose
• Performance cannot be analyzed in the same way as that
for a two-winding transformer
• When the magnetizing current is neglected and if all the

quantities are expressed in per-unit or percentage
notation, magnetically interlinked circuits of a three-
winding transformer can be represented by electrically
interlinked circuits
27
Representation of Three Winding Transformer
28
Cont..
• The percentage leakage reactance between pairs of windings can be
expressed in terms of their individual percentage leakage reactances (all
expressed oncommon volt-amperes base) as
𝑿𝟏𝟐 = 𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐
𝑿𝟏𝟑 = 𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟑
𝑿𝟐𝟑 = 𝑿𝟐 + 𝑿𝟑
• The individual reactances in the star equivalent circuit are given
by
𝟏
𝑿𝟏 = (𝑿𝟏𝟐 + 𝑿𝟏𝟑 − 𝑿𝟐𝟑 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝑿𝟐 = (𝑿𝟏𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐𝟑 − 𝑿𝟏𝟑 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝑿𝟑 = (𝑿𝟏𝟑 + 𝑿𝟐𝟑 − 𝑿𝟏𝟐 )
𝟐
29
Cont..
• Similarly, percentage resistances can be derived as
𝟏
𝑹𝟏 = (𝑹𝟏𝟐 + 𝑹𝟏𝟑 − 𝑹𝟐𝟑 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝑹𝟐 = (𝑹𝟏𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐𝟑 − 𝑹𝟏𝟑 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝑹𝟑 = (𝑹𝟏𝟑 + 𝑹𝟐𝟑 − 𝑹𝟏𝟐 )
𝟐
• The percentage resistances represent the total load loss
• The leakage reactances in the star equivalent network are the mutual load
reactances between different circuits (eg. the reactance X1 is the mutual
reactance to loads in circuits 2 and 3)
• Individual leakage reactance of a winding may be negative
• The total leakage reactance between a pair of windings cannot be negative
but depending upon how the leakage field of one interlinks with the other,
the mutual effect between circuits may be negative when a load current
flows
30
Stabilizing Tertiary Winding

• Similarly, percentage resistances can be derived as
𝟏
𝑹𝟏 = (𝑹𝟏𝟐 + 𝑹𝟏𝟑 − 𝑹𝟐𝟑 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝑹𝟐 = (𝑹𝟏𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐𝟑 − 𝑹𝟏𝟑 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝑹𝟑 = (𝑹𝟏𝟑 + 𝑹𝟐𝟑 − 𝑹𝟏𝟐 )
𝟐
• The percentage resistances represent the total load loss
• The leakage reactances in the star equivalent network are the mutual load
reactances between different circuits (eg. the reactance X1 is the mutual
reactance to loads in circuits 2 and 3)
• Individual leakage reactance of a winding may be negative
• The total leakage reactance between a pair of windings cannot be negative
but depending upon how the leakage field of one interlinks with the other,
the mutual effect between circuits may be negative when a load current
flows
31
Stabilizing Tertiary Winding
• Delta connected tertiary winding that is not loaded

• Its functions are:
1. Third harmonic magnetizing currents flow in closed delta, making
induced voltages and core flux almost sinusoidal
2. It stabilizes the neutral point; the zero-sequence impedance is lower
and an unbalanced load can be taken without undue unbalancing
of phase voltages
3. It can prevent interference in telephone lines caused by third harmonic

currents and voltages in the lines and earth circuits
32
33

Transformer P1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Transformer P1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transformer P1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Machines ECEG 4407

• Essentially, a transformer consists of two or more

• The windings can be linked through air

• Two most common types of construction

Fig. (a) core type (b) shell type

• Silicon-steel laminations are generally used for

1. A 20-kVA, 3810/230-V, 50-Hz single-phase transformer

Principle of Operation of Real Transformer

A more complete model of a transformer should take into

Equivalent Circuit of Real Transformer

To begin the development of equivalent circuit of a

Equivalent Circuit of Real Transformer

• The primary terminal voltage V1 is sum of I1R1, X1I1

Equivalent Circuit of Real Transformer

• Because of the secondary winding resistance R2 and

Equivalent Circuit of Real Transformer

2. The parameters of the equivalent circuit of a 100kVA,

• A transformer with the primary and the secondary

• The winding bc has to be provided with extra

lower leakage reactance lower loss

 lower exciting currents

 has lower cost than the two winding

Voltage and current in autotransformer

(a) step down autotransformer (b)step up autotransformer

• As the volts per turn is the same for the whole

=> Input apparent power = Output apparent power

Out put of Autotransformer

• Since the windings are connected magnetically and

• Output apparent power= 𝑉2 𝐼2

• Apparent power transferred inductively =𝑉2 (𝐼2 −𝐼1 ) = 𝑉2 (𝐼2 −𝑘𝐼2 )

• Power transferred conductively =Input –power transferred inductively

Saving of Copper in Autotransformer

• Therefore, the volume and weight of Cu required in a

Saving of Copper in Autotransformer

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑁1 − 𝑁2 𝐼1 + 𝑁2 (𝐼2 −𝐼1 )

Conversion of Two-Winding Transformer Into

Conversion of Two-Winding Transformer Into

• If the windings are connected in series opposition fashion, the new

Advantages and Disadvantages of an

Advantages and Disadvantages of an

 The output is not isolated from the input as the

 It is not safe for stepping down a high voltage to a

 Very high short circuit current

Autotransformers are used:

 to compensate for voltage drops in transmission

1. A 120-kVA 1200/120-V transformer is to be connected so as to

1. For an autotransformer with the leakage reactances and windings

Three Winding Transformer

• Generally required when actual loads or auxiliary loads are

• An unloaded tertiary winding is also used just for the

• When the magnetizing current is neglected and if all the

Representation of Three Winding Transformer

Stabilizing Tertiary Winding

Stabilizing Tertiary Winding

• Delta connected tertiary winding that is not loaded

3. It can prevent interference in telephone lines caused by third harmonic

You might also like