GROUP 6

CHAPTER 3 &
CHAPTER 4

POLICIES ON AGRARIAN REFORM

EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE
TAXATION
 POLICIES ON AGRARIAN REFORM
POLICIES - a course or principle of action adopted or
proposed by a government, party, business, or individual.
“The Administration's controversial economic policies“

AGRARIAN REFORM - can refer either, narrowly, to

government-initiated or government-backed redistribution
of agricultural land (see land reform) or, broadly, to an
overall redirection of the agrarian system of the country,
which often includes land reform measures.

AGRARIAN REFORM - can include credit measures,

training, extension, land consolidations, etc. The World
Bank evaluates agrarian reform using five dimensions:
stocks and market liberalization, land reform (including the
development of land markets, agro-processing and input
supply channels, urban finance, market institutions.
WHEN DID AGRARIAN REFORM START IN
THE PHILIPPINES?

10 June 1988, Comprehensive Agrarian

Reform Law: The Long Road to Agrarian
Reform in the Philippines.

Republic Act (RA) 6657 or the

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
(CARL), was signed into law by President
Corazon C. Aquino on 10 June 1988 in response
to peasants' call for equitable access to land.
WHO IS THE FATHER OF AGRARIAN REFORM?

President Diosdado Macapagal was

considered the “Father of Agrarian Reform”
It was during his term that the
Agricultural Land Reform Code or RA No.
3844 was enacted on August 8, 1963
DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal Sr. (September
28, 1910 – April 21, 1997) was the ninth President
of the Philippines, serving from 1961 to 1965, and
the sixth Vice-President, serving from 1957 to
1961.
He also served as a member of the House of
Representatives, and headed the Constitutional
Convention of 1970. He is the father of Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo, who was the 14th President
of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010.
A native of Lubao, Pampanga, Macapagal
graduated from the University of the
Philippines and University of Santo Tomas, both
in Manila, after which he worked as a lawyer for
the government. He first won election in 1949 to
the House of Representatives, representing a
district in his home province of Pampanga. In
1957, he became Vice-President under the rule
of President Carlos P. Garcia, whom he
defeated in the 1961 polls.
 DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
Diosdado P. Macapagal was also a reputed poet in the Chinese and
Spanish language, though his poetic oeuvre was eclipsed by his political
biography.

As President, Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to

stimulate the Philippine economy. He introduced the country's first land
reform law, placed the peso on the free currency exchange market, and
liberalized foreign exchange and import controls. Many of his reforms,
however, were crippled by a Congress dominated by the rival Nacionalista
Party.

He is also known for shifting the country's observance of Independence

Day from July 4 to June 12, commemorating the day President Emilio
Aguinaldo unilaterally declared the independence of the First Philippine
Republic from the Spanish Empire in 1898. He stood for re-election in 1965,
and was defeated by Ferdinand Marcos, who subsequently ruled for 21
years.

Under Marcos, Macapagal was elected president of the Constitutional

Convention which would later draft what became the 1973 Constitution,
though the manner in which the charter was ratified and modified led him
to later question its legitimacy. He died of heart failure, pneumonia,
and renal complications, in 1997, at the age of 86.
 DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
Diosdado Macapagal was born on September 28, 1910, in Lubao,
Pampanga, the third of five children in a poor family. His father was Urbano
Macapagal y Romero (c. 1883 – 1946), a poet who wrote in the
local Pampangan language and his mother was Romana Pangan
Macapagal, daughter of Atanacio Miguel Pangan (a former cabeza de
barangay of Gutad, Floridablanca, Pampanga) and Lorenza Suing
Antiveros. Urbano's mother, Escolastica Romero Macapagal is a midwife
and schoolteacher who taught catechism.
Diosdado is a distant descendant of Don Juan Macapagal, a prince of
Tondo, who was a great-grandson of the last reigning Lakan of
the Kingdom of Tondo, Lakan Dula.He is also related to well-to-do Licad
family through Diosdado's mother Romana who is a second cousin of Maria
Vitug Licad, grandmother of renowned pianist, Cecile Licad. Romana's
grandmother, Genoveva Miguel Pangan and Maria's grandmother,
Celestina Miguel Macaspac are siblings. Their mother, Maria Concepcion
Lingad Miguel is a daughter of Jose Pingul Lingad and Gregoria Malit
Bartolo.
Diosdado's family earned extra income by raising pigs and
accommodating boarders in their home. Due to his roots in poverty,
Macapagal would later become affectionately known as the "Poor boy
from Lubao". Diosdado Macapagal was also a reputed poet in the Spanish
language although his poet work was eclipsed by his political biography.
 DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
Macapagal excelled in his studies at local public schools,
graduating valedictorian at Lubao Elementary School,
and salutatorian at Pampanga High School. He finished his pre-law course
at the University of the Philippines, then enrolled at Philippine Law School in
1932, studying on a scholarship and supporting himself with a part-time job
as an accountant. While in law school, he gained prominence as an orator
and debater. However, he was forced to quit schooling after two years due
to poor health and a lack of money.
Returning to Pampanga, he joined boyhood friend Rogelio de la Rosa in
producing and starring in Tagalog operettas patterned after classic
Spanish zarzuelas. 3 It was during this period that he married his friend's
sister, Purita de la Rosa in 1938. He had two children with de la Rosa, Cielo
and Arturo.
Macapagal raised enough money to continue his studies at the University
of Santo Tomas. He also gained the assistance of philanthropist Don Honorio
Ventura, the Secretary of the Interior at the time, who financed his
education. He also received financial support from his mother's relatives
notably from the Macaspacs who owned large tracts of land in barrio Sta.
Maria, Lubao, Pampanga. After receiving his Bachelor of Laws degree in
1936, he was admitted to the , topping the 1936 bar examination with a
score of 89.95%. He later returned to his alma mater to take up graduate
studies and earn a Master of Laws degree in 1941, a Doctor of Civil
Law degree in 1947, and a PhD in Economics in 1957.
 DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
After passing the bar examination, Macapagal was invited to join an
American law firm as a practicing attorney, a particular honor for a Filipino
at the time. He was assigned as a legal assistant to President Manuel L.
Quezon in Malacañang Palace. During the Japanese occupation of the
Philippines in World War II, Macapagal continued working in Malacañan
Palace as an assistant to President José P. Laurel, while secretly aiding the
anti-Japanese resistance during the Allied liberation against the Japanese.
After the war, Macapagal worked as an assistant attorney with one of the
largest law firms in the country, Ross, Lawrence, Selph and Carrascoso. With
the establishment of the independent Republic of the Philippines in 1946, he
rejoined government service when President Manuel Roxas appointed him
to the Department of Foreign Affairs as the head of its legal division. In 1948,
President Elpidio Quirino appointed Macapagal as chief negotiator in the
successful transfer of the Turtle Islands in the Sulu Sea from the United
Kingdom to the Philippines.
That same year, he was assigned as second secretary to the Philippine
Embassy in Washington, D.C. In 1949, he was elevated to the position of
Counselor on Legal Affairs and Treaties, at the time the fourth-highest post
in the Philippine Foreign Office.
 WHAT IS AGRARIAN REFORM LAW?

On June 10, 1988, Republic Act No. 6657,

also known as the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Law (CARL), was passed to promote
social justice and industrialization, CARP
recognizes not only farmers but all landless
workers as beneficiaries with the condition
that they cultivate the land.
 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF
AGRARIAN REFORM?
The main objective was to put an end to
conflicts pertaining to land ownership. Aim
to bring about harmony between the rural
people and the urban residents is also
called for.

Therefore, bringing stability in the political

set up of the country is also regarded as
one of the objectives of agrarian reform
 WHY AGRARIAN REFORM IS
IMPORTANT?
Agrarian Reform is very significant for the
economy of any country because more
than half of the population is employed in
the agricultural sector.
Agriculture is the main source of livelihood
especially for the developing
countries. Reforms are important because
they protect the rights of the farmers .
 WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF
AGRARIAN REFORM?
Complementary inputs are necessary to
maximize the benefits from agrarian reform.
Irrigation, credit and government services
tend to promote higher incomes.
Moreover, agrarian reform communities
tend to increase the chances of a farmer-
beneficiary to be non-poor.
 What are disadvantages of
Agriculture?
By storing surplus food, the increased
population size could be maintained over a
long period of time. A number
of disadvantages also resulted
from farming.
First, agriculture placed higher demands on
the natural environment, leading to
problems like soil exhaustion.
 WHAT ARE THE AGRARIAN REFORM
POLICIES IN THE PHILIPPINES?
Enacted in 1988, the Philippines'
National Agrarian Reform Program -
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
(CARP) - which was later termed as
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Extension
with Reforms (CARPER), aimed to distribute
all agricultural lands beyond five hectares to
landless farmers and farm workers.
WHY IS AGRARIAN REFORM A FAILURE IN THE
PHILIPPINES?

Philippine land reform has failed to live up to

its promise. (From Manila) IN THE PHILIPPINES,
few issues incite as much passion and
interest among the masses and leftist groups
as agrarian reform, because it calls for the
redistribution of land to small farmers and
landless agricultural workers.