Visualization

Techniques

Presented by:
Ahad Afridi
Rabia Khalid
Nimra Safdar
Maham Ahmed
Stacked Bar
Graph
 Stacked Bar Graph
 A stacked bar graph (or stacked bar chart) is a chart that uses bars to
show comparisons between categories of data, but with ability to break
down and compare parts of a whole. Each bar in the chart represents a
whole, and segments in the bar represent different parts or categories of
that whole.
 Stacked bars do a good job of featuring the total and also providing a
hint as to how the total for each category value is divided into parts.
 The bars can be either horizontal or vertical.
 Stacked Bar graph can have one category axis and up to two
numerical axes.
 Category axis describes the types of categories being compared, and the
numerical axes represent the values of the data.
Graphs in BusinessQ software
Nominal Comparison with 2
numerical axes
Line Chart
 Line Chart
 Theline chart is represented by a series of data
points connected with a straight line. Line charts
are most often used to visualize data that
changes over time.
Circle
Packing
 Circle Packing
 Circular packing or circular TreeMap allows to visualise a hierarchic
architecture. It is an equivalent of a TreeMap or a dendrogram,
where each branch of the tree is represented as a circle and its
sub-branches are represented as circles inside of it.
 The size of each circle can be proportional to a specific value,
what gives more insight to the plot. If only one level of hierarchy is
displayed (no encapsulation), it becomes equivalent to a bar plot.
 Instead of showing the value of each individual as a bar, it uses a
circle.
 Circle packing is not recommend if you need to precisely compare
values of group. However, it shows very well how groups are
organised in subgroups
 Disadvantage  As beautiful as Circle Packing
appears, it's not as space-efficient as a
TreeMap, as there's a lot of empty space within
the circles.
Advantage  Circle Packing actually reveals
hierarchal structure better than a TreeMap.

 Circle Packing is a variation of a TreeMap that

uses circles instead of rectangles.
 Containment within each circle represents a
level in the hierarchy: each branch of the tree
is represented as a circle and its sub-branches
are represented as circles inside of it.
 The area of each circle can also be used to
represent an additional arbitrary value, such
as quantity or file size.
 Colour may also be used to assign categories
or to represent another variable via different
shades.
 Elements of the
category A
and B

Sub-
categori
es c-1
and c-2
of
category
C

Categories A, B Elements of
and C sub-categories
c-1 and c-2
Population
Pyramid
 Population Pyramid
 A population age pyramid consists of two histograms set
back to back on a vertical axis, showing the numbers
(or percentages of the whole population) of the two
genders (separately) by age groups, usually in intervals
of 5 years.
 They show two main things:
1. The number or percentage of males and
females in the population;
2. The number or percentage of people in
different age categories.
Population Pyramid Types
 Population Pyramid Usage
 Identify profitable locations for goods and services:
Selection of retail sites is usually based on population composition and the expected
growth of its segments.

 Perform production analysis:

Determine characteristics of potential customers who may buy services or products.
This analysis includes how the composition and location of the population are
changing over time.

 Develop advertising strategies:

Marketing products to different segments of the population such as youth, elderly,
high income, etc.

 Perform strategic planning:

Tracking the growth or decline of existing markets, finding new markets and
determining what new or existing products are most likely to be successful among
different population groups.

 Identify purchasing behavior:

Composition or characteristics of the population is used for identifying consumer
purchasing patterns.
Density Plots
 What are density plots?
 A Density Plot visualizes
the distribution of data
over a continuous interval
or time period.
 A variation of a
Histogram that uses
kernel smoothing to plot
values, allowing for
smoother distributions by
smoothing out the noise.
 The peaks of a Density
Plot help display where
values are concentrated
over the interval.
Several distribution shapes exist, here is an illustration
of the 6 most common ones:
 How to create Density Plots
 R, Python, Matlab, Excel
 Kernel density estimation. In this method, a
continuous curve (the kernel) is drawn at every
individual data point and all of these curves are
then added together to make a single smooth
density estimation.
 The x-axis is the value of the variable just like in a
histogram, but what exactly does the y-axis
represent? The y-axis in a density plot is the
probability density function for the kernel density
estimation.
https://www.displayr.com/create-a-density-plot/
 Uses of Density plots
 Used to study the distribution of one or a few
variables. It delivers a good quantity of
information.
 Checking this distribution also helps you
discovering mistakes in the data
Thank you!