Chapter 40

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 1

 In mathematics, de
Moivre‘s formula, named
after Abraham de
Moivre.

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 2

The formula is important
because it connects complex
numbers and trigonometry.
The expression "cos x + i sin x"
is sometimes abbreviated to
"cis x".

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 3

By expanding the left hand
side and then comparing the
real and imaginary parts
under the assumption that x is
real, it is possible to derive
useful expressions for cos(nx)
and sin(nx) in terms of cos(x)
and sin(x).
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 4
Furthermore, one can use a
generalization of this
formula to find explicit
expressions for the n-th
roots of unity, that is,
complex numbers z such
that zn = 1.
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 5
De Moivre’s theorem
For all values of n, the value, or
one of the values in the case
where n is fractional, of
cos   i sin   n

is
cos n  i sin n
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 6
 Proofing of
De Moivre’s
Theorem
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 7
Now, let us prove this important
theorem in 3 parts.
1. When n is a positive
integer
2. When n is a negative
integer
3. When n is a fraction
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 8
Case 1 : if n is a positive integer
n2
cos   i sin   2

 cos   i sin  cos   i sin  

 cos   2i sin  cos   sin 
2 2

 cos 2  i sin 2

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 9

 n3
cos  i sin  3

 cos   i sin  cos   i sin  

2

 cos   i sin  cos 2  i sin 2 

 cos  cos 2  i sin  cos 2  i cos  sin 2  sin  sin 2
 cos  2   i sin   2 
 cos 3  i sin 3

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 10

 n4
cos   i sin  
4

 cos   i sin  cos   i sin  

3

 cos   i sin  cos 3  i sin 3 

 cos  cos 3  i sin  cos 3  i cos  sin 3  sin  sin 3
 cos  3   i sin   3 
 cos 4  i sin 4

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 11

Continuing this process, when n is
a positive integer,

cos  i sin  n
 cos n  i sin n

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 12

Case 2 : if n is a negative integer
Let n=-m where m is positive integer

cos   i sin  
n

 cos   i sin  
m

1

cos   i sin  m

1

cos m  i sin m
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 13

1 cos m  i sin m 
cos m  i sin m  cos m  i sin m 
cos m  i sin m

cos m  sin m
2 2

 cos m  i sin m
 cos m   i sin  m 
 cos n  i sin n
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 14
Case 3 : if n is a fraction equal
to p/q, p and q are integers

cos  i sin   p p
p
q  cos   i sin 
q q

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 15

Raising the RHS to power q we have,
q
 p p 
 cos   i sin    cos p  i sin p
 q q 

q is an integer 
but,

cos   i sin   p
 cos p  i sin p
 p is an integer 
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 16
 q
 p 
  cos   i sin    cos   i sin  
p p

 q q 

 p 
  cos   i sin    cos   i sin   q
p p

 q q 

Hence, De Moivre’s Theorem applies when

n is a rational fraction.

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 17

 Proofing by
mathematical
induction
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 18
 
Let S  n | r cos   i sin    r cos n  i sin n 
n n

1. z  z  r cos   i sin    r cos1  i sin 1 .
1 1

Thus 1  S .

2. Assume z  r cos k  i sin k .

k k

Now,

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 19

 k 1
z  z z
k

 r cos k  i sin k   r cos   i sin  

k

 r  r cosk     i sin k   

k

r k 1
 cosk  1  i sin k  1 

Thus k  S  k 1 S.
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 20
The hypothesis of Mathematical
Induction has been satisfied ,
and we can conclude that

S  N.
Hence,
z  r cos   i sin    r cos n  i sin n 
n n n

n  N
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 21
e.g. 1
10
Let z = 1 − i. Find z .
Soln:
First write z in polar form.

z  1   1
2 2

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 22

 
arg  z   
4
     
Polar form : z  2  cos    i sin    
  4  4 

Applying de Moivre’s Theorem gives :

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 23

  
  10       
z  2  cos10       i sin 10      
10

   4    4 
5  10   10  
 2  cos    i sin    
  4   4 
  5   5  
 32 cos    i sin    
  2   2 
     
 32 cos    i sin    
  2  2 
 32i It can be verified directly that 1  i 10  32i

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 24

 Properties of
1
z and
z
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 25
 If z  cos  i sin 
1
then  z 1
z
 cos   i sin  
1

 cos    i sin   
 cos   i sin 
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 26
 1
z  cos  i sin   cos   i sin 
z

Hence, 1
z   2 cos 
z

1
z   2i sin 
z
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 27
Similarly, if z  cos n  i sin n
n

1
n
 cos n  i sin n
z
Hence, 1
z  n  2 cos n
n

z
1
z  n  2i sin n
n

z
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 28
We have, 1
z   2 cos 
z
Maximum value of cosθ is 1,
minimum value is -1.
Hence, normally
1
2 z  2
8/25/2019
z
By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 29
What happen, if
1
the value of z
z

is more than 2 or less

than -2 ?
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 30
e.g. 2
Given that z  cos  i sin 
1
Prove that z  n  2 cos n
n

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 31

e.g. 3
1
If z   1 , find
z
1
(i) z  3
3

z
1
(ii) z  4
4

z
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 32
Do take note of the
following :
4
 1
 z    2 cos  4
 2 4
cos 4

z

1
z  4  2 cos 4
4

z
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 33
e.g. 4
4 4
 1  1
Expand  z   and  z  
 z  z
By putting z  cos   i sin  , deduce that

cos   sin   cos 4  3.

4 4 1
4

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 34

 Applications of
De Moivre’s
theorem
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 35
We will consider three
applications of De Moivre’s
Theorem in this chapter.
1. Expansion of cos n , sin n , tan n .
2. Values of cos  i sin  
1
q .
3. Expressions for cos  , sin  in n n

terms of multiple angles.

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 36
Certain trig identities can be
derived using De Moivre’s theorem.
In particular, expression such as
cos n , sin n , tan n
can be expressed in terms of :
cos  , sin  , tan 
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 37
e.g. 5
Use De Moivre’s Thorem to
find an identity for
cos 5 , sin 5
in terms of cos  , sin  .

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 38

e.g. 6 Find all complex cube
roots of 27i.
Soln:
We are looking for complex number z with
the property z  27i
3

Strategy : First we write 27i in polar form :-


27i  0  27i  27  27; arg 27i  
2

2
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 39
   
27i  27 cos  i sin 
 2 2
Now suppose z  cos  i sin 
Satisfies z  27i . Then, by De
3

Moivre’s Theorem,

  
r cos 3  i sin 3   27i  27 cos  i sin 
3

 2 2

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 40

 Thus r  27  r  3
3

 
cos 3  cos ; sin 3  sin
2 2

This means : 3   2k
2
where k is an integer.

Possibilities are : k=0, k=1, k=2

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 41

  
k  0, 3  , 
2 6
     3 1  3 3 3
 z1  3 cos  i sin   3 i    i
 6 6  2 2 2 2
 5
k  1, 3   2 ,  
2 6

 5 5   3 1 3 3 3
 z2  3 cos  i sin   3   i     i
 6 6   2 2 2 2

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 42

  3
k  2, 3   4 ,  
2 2

 3 3 
 z3  3 cos  i sin   30  i   3i
 2 2 

z2 z1

z3
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 43
In general : to find the complex
nth roots of a non-zero complex
number z.
1. Write z in polar form :

z  r (cos   i sin  )

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 44

2. z will have n different nth roots
(i.e. 3 cube roots, 4 fourth roots, etc.)
3. All these roots will have the same
modulus 1 the positive real nth
n
r
roots of r) .
4. They will have different arguments
:    2   2  2    n  1 2 
, , , ,
n n n n
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 45
5. The complex nth roots of z are
given (in polar form) by
    
1
z1  r  cos   i sin   
n

 n  n 
    2     2 
1
z2  r  cos
n
  i sin   
  n   n 

    4     4 
1
z2  r  cos
n
  i sin   
  n   n 
…etc
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 46
e.g. 7 Find all the complex
fourth roots of -16.
Soln:
Modulus = 16
Argument = ∏

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 47

 16  16cos   i sin  
Fourth roots of 16 all have modulus :
1
16  2
4

and possibilities for the arguments

are :
   2   2  2    3  2 
, , ,
4 4 4 4
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 48
Hence, fourth roots of -16 are :
  
z1  2 cos  i sin   2  2i
 4 4
 3 3 
z2  2 cos  i sin    2  2i
 4 4 
 5 5 
z3  2 cos  i sin    2  2i
 4 4 
 7 7 
z 4  2 cos  i sin    2  2i
 4 4 

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 49

e.g. 8
1 i
Given that z and
2
z z m0
50 25

find the value of m.

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 50

e.g. 9
Solve z  1  0 , hence prove
5

that  3 1
cos  cos 
5 5 2

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 51

e.g. 10
Find the cube roots of -1.
show that they can be
denoted by  1,  ,  and
2

prove that
   1  0
2

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 52

e.g. 11
Solve the following equations,
giving any complex roots in the
form r cos  i sin  
(i) x 1  0
6 


 1, 



cos

3
 i sin
 
3



(ii) x  4x  8  0
6 3

      3 3    7  7 
 2  cos  i sin , 2  cos  i sin , 2  cos  i sin 
  12 12   4 4   12 12 
8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 53
e.g. 12
Prove that
sin   35 sin   21sin 3  7 sin 5  sin 7 
7 1
64

Hence find  35 sin   64 sin 7

 d

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 54

e.g. 13
4t  4t 3
Show that tan 4 
1  6t  t
2 4

where t  tan 
Use your result to solve the
equation
t  4t  6t  4t  1  0
4 3 2

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 55

e.g. 14
Use De Moivre’s Theorem to
find 32 cos 6   cos 6 d


8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 56

e.g. 15
1 and  are two of the fifth roots of unity,
and  has a positive acute argument.
If u     and v    
4 2 3

prove that u  v  uv  1 and u  v  5.

Deduce that cos 72 

1
4
5 1 .  

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 57

e.g. 16
Solve the equation
x  2 x  4  0.
6 3

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 58

e.g. 17
Prove by induction that if n is a
positive integer :
cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n .
n

Evaluate 1  i   1  i  when n  20.

n n

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 59

e.g. 18
Factorize x  x  1 . 14 7

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 60

e.g. 19
Express sin  cos  in
6 2

terms of multiple angles

and hence evaluate

2

 sin  cos d

6 2

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 61

e.g. 20
Express cos 5 in
terms of cos and
hence evaluate tan 6 in
terms of tan  .

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 62

 The end

8/25/2019 By Chtan FYHS-Kulai 63