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Lec10 - 11 Z-Transform
Lec10 - 11 Z-Transform
Lec10 - 11 Z-Transform
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Outline
The z-transform
Region of convergence
Inverse z-transform
Geometric evaluation of FT from Pole-zero plot
Properties of z-transform
Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using
z-transforms
System function algebra and block diagram
representations
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Some Common z-Transforms
(1) [n] 1 [all z ]
1
(2) u ( n)
1
z 1
1 z
(3) u [ n 1]
1
1
[ z 1]
1 z
(4) [n m] z m [all z except 0, if m 0,
all z except , if m 0]
1
(5) n
a u [ n] [z a]
1 az 1
1
(6) a nu [n 1] [z a]
1 az 1
az 1
(7) na nu[n] [ z a]
(1 az 1 ) 2
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Some Common z-Transforms (2)
az 1
( 8) na u [n 1] [ z a]
n
(1 az 1 ) 2
1 aN zN
(9) a [u[n] u[n N ]]
n
[ z 0]
1 az 1
1 cos wo z 1
(10) [cos wo n]u[n] [ z 1]
1 2 cos wo z 1 z 2
sin wo z 1
(11) [sin wo n]u[n] [ z 1]
1 2 cos wo z 1 z 2
1 cos wo rz 1
(12) r cos wo n u[n]
n
[ z r]
1 2 cos wo z 1 r 2 z 2
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Outline
The z-transform
Region of convergence
Inverse z-transform
Geometric evaluation of FT from Pole-zero plot
Properties of z-transform
Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using
z-transforms
System function algebra and block diagram
representations
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Outline
The z-transform
Region of convergence
Inverse z-transform
Geometric evaluation of FT from Pole-zero plot
Properties of z-transform
Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using
z-transforms
System function algebra and block diagram
representations
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Outline
The z-transform
Region of convergence
Inverse z-transform
Geometric evaluation of FT from Pole-zero plot
Properties of z-transform
Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using
z-transforms
System function algebra and block diagram
representations
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Outline
The z-transform
Region of convergence
Inverse z-transform
Geometric evaluation of FT from Pole-zero plot
Properties of z-transform
Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using
z-transforms
System function algebra and block diagram
representations
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Outline
The z-transform
Region of convergence
Inverse z-transform
Geometric evaluation of FT from Pole-zero plot
Properties of z-transform
Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using
z-transforms
System function algebra and block diagram
representations
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Outline
The z-transform
Region of convergence
Inverse z-transform
Geometric evaluation of FT from Pole-zero plot
Properties of z-transform
Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using
z-transforms
System function algebra and block diagram
representations
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Relationship between DTFT and z-
transform I
The Laplace transform exists for a wider The Z-transform exists for a wider class
class of signals than the Fourier trasform of signals than the DTFT
so so
a signal may have a Laplace transform a signal may have a Z-transform and not
and not have a Fourier transform have a DTFT
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Z-Transform (ZT)
z e Ts
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S-Plane to Z-Plane Mapping
z e Ts
Anything in the Alias/Overlay region in the S-Plane will be overlaid on the Z-Plane
along with the contents of the strip between +/- jp/T. In order to avoid aliasing, there
must be nothing in this region, i.e. there must be no signals present with radian
frequencies higher than p/T, or cyclic frequencies higher than f = 1/2T. Stated
another way, the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency
present (Nyquist rate).
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Relationship Between z-Transform and Fourier
Transform
X ( z ) x[n]z of
The z-transform X(z)
n
{x[an]}
sequence x[n] is :
n
X ( e )
The Fourier transform
x
j
[ n ]e j n
of a sequence x[n] is
Unit Circle
Re
1
z-plane
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Inverse z-transform
c j
f n
1
n 1
F z z dz
2pj c j
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The ROC as a Ring in the z-plane
The z-transform and all its
Im derivatives must be continuous
functions of z within the ROC
(follow a Laurent series).
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Signal Type ROC
Finite-Duration Signals
Causal Entire z-plane
Except z = 0
|z| > r2
Anticausal
|z| < r1
Two-sided
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3.7 z-Transform vs. Laplace Transform
<Laplace-Transform> <z-Transform>
j
s H ( j), (, ) z e j
H (e j ), (p , p )
s-plane z-plane
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(e.g) Laplace-Transform (e.g) z-Transform
e at 0t T a n 0nM
x(t ) x[n]
0 elsewhere 0 elsewhere
1 e ( s a )T zM aM
X ( s) X ( z)
sa za
pole : s a pole : z 0 ( M 1 fold ), z a
2p j 2p
zero : s a j k zero : z ae k
T M
RoC : entire s plane RoC : entire z plane 0
pole zero cancel at s a pole zero cancel at z 0
1 j 1
n 1
(inverse) h(t ) H ( s ) e st
ds (inverse) h[n] H ( z ) z dz
2p j j 2p j C
C : inside RoC
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