ATHENS

SOLON
CLEISTHENES
 SPARTA
• Ito ay lungsod estado sa timog na
bahagi ng peninsulang gresya.
– Ito ay kilala sa tawag na
Peloponnesus na
pinaninirahan ng mga Dorian
na ninuno ng mga Spartan.
• Nabubuhay sa pamamagitan
ng pagsasaka.
• Ang lumalaking populasyon ang
nag-udyok sa kanila upang
makakuha ng maraming lupain
– Sinimulan nila ang pananakop
noong 500 BK nang mahulog
ang halos buong pulo ng
Peloponnesus
• Kinalimutan ng Sparta ang
komersyo at industriya,
sining, panitikan at
pilosopiya
PAGSASANAY NG SPARTAN
• Ang bagong silang na sanggol ay sinusuri
ng isang komite.
– Pinapatay ang sanggol kapag mahina.
Inihuhulog sa bangin.
• Pinapasok sa isang espesyal na
pagsasanay sa gulang na pito.
– Nananatiling kasapi hanggang18.
– Ang mga babae ay nananatili sa bahay
ngunit ang mga lalaki ay nakatira sa mga
barracks.
– Sinasanay ang mga lalaki upang maging
mahusay na mga mandirigma.
• Sinasanay sa palakasan at
pakikidigma, sinanay silang magtiis
sa hirap at huwag magreklamo.
pagsasanay
• Nagsisimula ang pormal na
pagsasanay sa edad na 18
– 2 taon upang makumpleto ang
pagsasanay
• Sa gulang na 20 silay tumitira sa
barracks o dormitoryo sa kampo.
– Ang mga lalaking ito ay naging
miyembro ng Asembleya sa
gulang na 30
• Hindi pinahihintulutan mag-asawa
so loob ng 10 taon.
– Naglilingkod sa militar
hanggang sa gulang na 60
Ang Lipunang Spartan
• Ang mga
mamamayan at
spartiate sundalo

periocci • Mga mangangalakal

at malalayang tao

helot
• Aliping tagabungkal
ng lupa
 HELOTS
• Ang mga lalaking Spartan ay
pinagkakalooban ng mga lupain
upang masuportahan ang sarili
– Ang pagsasaka ay isinasagawa
ng mga helots
– Ang mga helots ay..
• Mga aliping pag-aari ng
pamahalaan ng Sparta
• Lahat ng gawain ay nakaatang sa
mga helots
Mga batang Spartan
• Ginawang mga helots ang mga nasakop mula
sa Peloponnesus
– Hindi malaya ang mga helots
– Maaaring magkapamilya, ngunit hindi maaaring
iwanan ang mga lupang sakahan.
– Noong 6th Century B.C. higit na mas marami ang
populasyon ng helots kumpara sa mga mamamayang
Spartan. 10=1
• Lahat ng mga Spartans ay pantay-pantay
– Hinikayat ang simpleng pamumuhay ng mga Spartan
upang hindi magkaroon ng pagitan ang mayayaman
at mahihirap.
– Ipinagbawal ang mga alahas, magagarbong
kasuotan, luho at pagmamay-ari ng mga yaman.
• Ang mga babae ay nag-
aasawa sa gulang na 18
o 20 ngunit namumuhay
ng malayo sa asawa.
– Ang mga lalaki ay
nakatira sa mga
barracks hanggang sa
gulang na 30 kung
saan maaari na silang
magtayo ng pamilya.
– Ang mga babae ay
kailangang maging
malusog upang
manganalk ng
malusog na
sanggol.
 Pamahalaan ng Sparta
• May 2 hari
– Pinamumunuan ang Spartan
Army at ang kabuuan ng Sparta
– Ang pagiging hari ay namamana
• Gerousia
– Binubuo ng konseho ng 28 tao
– Lahat ng 60 taon pataas ay
kasapi
– Nagpapanukala ng mga batas
• Asembleya ng mga Spartans
– Lahat ng lalaking nasa hustong
gulang ay kasapi
– Maaaring bumoto sa mga batas
– Pinamumunuan ng 5 kasapi ng
ephors
King Leonidas
 Nagpupulong upang
pagusapan ang mga Lumawak ang
mahahalagang isyu ng kapangyarihan dahil sa
lungsod-estado. pagkontrol sa
Peloponnesian League

Ang mga
desisyon ay
isinasagawa sa
pamamagitan ng
boto ng
nakararami. SPARTA CONTROLLED
THE PELOPONNESIAN
LEAGUE
 pamahalaan
athens sparta
• Demokratikong lungsod- • Militarismong lungsod-
estado estado
• Asembleya- • Asembleya- may kaunting
pinakamakapangyarihan kapangyarihan
sa lahat. Binubuo ng
• Konseho ng matatanda-
kalalakihang 18 patanda.
namamahala sa estado,
• Konseho ng 500- may kakayahang
namamahala sa estado gumawa ng mga batas
• 10 heneral-mga
mambabatas at
administrador
 Pamahalaan
athens sparta
• Delian League liga o • Peloponnesian League
samahan ng mga lungsod itinatag ng Sparta
estado
REFORMS OF SOLON
• Abolished practice of enslaving a person
for unpaid debts and freed all persons
enslaved for that reason
• Abolished all feudal obligations that
commoners owed the aristocracy
• Widened political participation
– Broke monopoly aristocrats had over
Council of Athens, elected positions,
and Assembly of Athens
– Allowed all citizens regardless of
wealth to serve in Assembly
– Opened up position of archon and
seat in Council of Athens to wealthy
hoplites
– Created new 400 member body which
acted as Supreme Court
– Established right of any citizen to
bring a case to court
REFORMS BACKFIRE A LITTLE
• Solon’s reforms went long way
towards opening up Athenian
society and government to a
greater number of people
– But they did not immediately
end the turmoil that plagued the
city
• Athens did prosper
– Rapid population growth,
geographic expansion, various
public works projects
– But Solon’s reforms increased
infighting by multiplying the
number of factions struggling
for control
• Even resulted in several
dictatorships (tyrannies)
 REFORMS OF CLEISTHENES
• Cleisthenes kept promise to demos
– Population of city and region
divided into ten tribes
– Each included people from all
walks of life
– Each elected representatives to
the Council, elected generals and
public officials, and jurors to
Supreme Court

• Cleisthenes permanently broke

power of old aristocracy and
established the foundation for
democracy
 ARCHAIC GREECE
• At beginning of period, most of
the Aegean world was divided
into independent principalities
– Had simple social structures
with nobility on top and
everyone else below
• By 500 BC, principalities had
been transformed into city-
states
– Aristocracy reduced to just
one faction of many
– Aristocratic value system
subsided in favor of a new
one based on service to the
community and the law
 POETS
• Old value system of aristocracy was
based on fighting and an obsession
with honor
– But the new city-state, with its
commercial and business activities,
had little use for a bunch of jealous,
warring aristocrats with their
inflated sense of honor
• Required instead justice,
established by law according to
rational and regular procedures
• Poets at the forefront of attack on old
aristocratic value system
– Example: Archilocus
– Argued old aristocratic and heroic
values were out of touch with the
times
• Silly and counter to the need for
law and order
CHANGES IN RELIGION
• Gods reflected aristocratic values
in Homer’s poems
– Obsessed with fighting, killing,
and performing heroic feats
• During the Archaic Ages, gods
became more interested in justice
– Urged men to be content with
their lot in life
• To go against this was now
considered hubris
– Insolence against the
gods
• Religion modified during Archaic
Age to reinforce new value system
and discourage the old
 SUMMARY
• Mutually-reinforcing cycle
– Growth of business and trade undermined the
aristocratic monopoly over society
• Decline of aristocracy was accompanied by a parallel
decline in their value system
– Helped by propaganda attacks by poets and a
gradual shift in religious emphasis
– Decline of aristocratic value system was paralleled by
the rise of a new value system based on law, order, and
stability
• Encouraged further business growth and prosperity
– Sped up the decline of the aristocracy
– Provided good environment for development of
literature and beginning of philosophic and
scientific speculation
 GREEK POLITICAL CULTURE
• In Greek polis, the state was
society
– Two were completely
integrated with each other
• Power was not delegated to a
permanent group of legislators,
judges and bureaucrats
– Citizens were expected to
play an immediate and
direct role in legislation, the
judiciary, and executive
policy-making
• Fundamental principle of most
Greek city-sates that officials
should be constantly changed
– Giving almost everyone a
chance to actively running
the polis
 PRIVATE SPHERE/PUBLIC
SPHERE
• No “diffusion of loyalty”
– No chance for citizen to develop
non-state loyalties
• Only one state religion
• No non-state cultural
associations
– All art was public and all
cultural events were state
affairs
– Nothing in the Greek polis existed to
distract the citizen from his loyalty
to the state
• Private sphere linked tightly to
the state, focusing everyone’s
absolute loyalty to that institution
 POLITICAL ASSUMPTIONS
• Taken for granted that all
important questions
regarding policy-making,
legislation, and judiciary
was the concern of all
citizens
– Professionals did not
dominate government
• Power was not dissipated
among a multitude of
specialized departments
and institutions
– Rested fully in the hands
of the people
 CITIZENSHIP
• All city-states restricted
who could become a
citizen
– General tendency in
Archaic Age was
towards less
restrictivness
• Citizens only made up
part of total population
– Rest were foreigners,
slaves, and freedmen
SLAVES AND FREEDMEN
• Slaves played crucial role in
economy of all city-states of ancient
Greece
– And in Sparta, they were the
economy
• Freedmen worked as craftsmen,
small farmers, small retail
merchants
– But they worked for themselves,
not for others
• To work for someone else on a
regular basis was the mark of a
slave
– Essential characteristic of a
freedman was economic
independence
• No matter how low-level or
demeaning the work they did
FREEDMEN
• Freedmen often very poor
– Did not view themselves as
oppressed working class
– Complaints directed against the
rich
• Especially wealthy creditors
• Slogans concerned lack of
political participation or the
elimination of debts
– Saw themselves as independent
businessmen
• Wanted recognition of their
status and relief from the costs
of doing business
– Never formed any kind of alliance
with slaves to overcome their
mutual exploitation
• Because they say themselves as
inherently better than slaves
GREEK FAMILY
• Archaic Greeks viewed family as
immortal
– Founded in mythical days and
would continue forever
– Male head of family therefore had to
work to ensure this immortality
• By expanding its economic base,
performing religious rituals,
worshipping ancestors, having
children
– Family without children was
not considered a family at all
• Family heads under great
pressure to keep their families
going by having children
MARRIAGE
• Marriage was a carefully
considered, regulated step
– Were prearranged
– Couple became
engaged as children
after long negotiations
between parents
– It was understood that
love would develop after
marriage
• Not before
 GREEK WOMEN
• Greeks attached immense importance
to chastity of citizen women
– It was of utmost importance that
legitimacy of offspring not be
questions on the grounds of a pre-
marital or extra-marital affair
– Took every precaution to segregate
women from men
• Even set aside a part of the house
for exclusive use of women
– Adultery considered a serious crime
that threatened foundation of the
state
• Not just a private matter
CITIZEN AND SLAVE WOMEN
• Women had no political role
– Charged with running
households and nothing else
• Slave women and freedman
women had more freedom
– Since they were not
considered important enough
to worry about
• No one cared if their
families remained intact or
not
• Could pretty well do what
they wanted in their private
lives
 FINAL POINT
• Neither male nor female citizens enjoyed a high degree of
freedom (in the modern sense of the term)
– Greek ideas of freedom implied conformity to
community standards of behavior
• Community needs defined the roles of men and
women and restricted the freedom of both
• Male family heads had little choice over who and
when he should marry, whether to have children, etc.
– Law and custom demanded that he subordinate
his own needs and desires to those of his family
and the community at large
– In exchange, men and women enjoyed a strong
and stimulating community life
» A trade off between liberty and security, with
security receiving the most emphasis