JOYCE

TRAVELBEE
Human-To-Human Relationship Model
• “The nurse is responsible for helping the patient avoid and alleviate the
distress of unmet needs.”
1926-1973

• Human-to-Human Relationship
Model presented in her book
Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing
• She dealt with the interpersonal aspects of nursing.
• She explains “human-to-human relationship is the means through
which the purpose of nursing if fulfilled”
 About the Theorist
• Psychiatric nurse, educator
and writer born in 1926.
• 1956 - completed her BSN
degree at Louisiana State
University
• 1959 - completed her
Master of Science Degree in
Nursing at Yale University.
• 1952 - Psychiatric Nursing Instructor at
Depaul Hospital Affilliate School, New
Orleans.
• Later in Charity Hospital School of Nursing
in Louisiana State University, New York
University and University of Mississippi.
Development of the Theory

• Existentialism
• Soren Kierkegaard
• Existential theory believes
that that humans are
constantly faced choices and
conflicts and is accountable to
the choices we make in life
• Voctor Frankl
• Book -- Man's Search for
Meaning (1963).
BASIC
CONCEPTS
 Suffering
• "An experience that varies
in intensity, duration and
depth ... a feeling of
unease, ranging from mild,
transient mental, physical
or mental discomfort to
extreme pain and extreme
tortured ..."
Meaning
• Reason as oneself attributes
Nursing
• Help man to find meaning in the
experience of illness and suffering.
• Responsibility to help individuals and
their families to find meaning.
• The nurses' spiritual and
ethical choices, and
perceptions of illness and
suffering, is crucial to
helping to find meaning.
Hope
• Nurse's job is to help the
patient to maintain hope and
avoid hopelessness.
• Hope is a faith that can and will be
change that would bring something
better with it.
• Hope's core lies in a fundamental
trust the outside world, and a belief
that others will help someone when
you need it.
6 important factors characteristics of
hope are:
• Strongly associated with dependence on
other people.
• Future oriented.
• Linked to elections from several
alternatives or escape routes out of its
situation.
• The desire to possess any
object or condition, to
complete a task or have an
experience.
• Confidence that others will be
there for one when you need
them.
• The hoping person is in
possession of courage to be
able to acknowledge its
shortcomings and fears and
go forward
Communications
• "a strict necessity for good nursing care"
Using himself
therapeutic
• " one is able to use itself therapeutic."
• Self-awareness and self-understanding,
understanding of human behavior, the
ability to predict one's own and others'
behavior are imporatnt in this process.
Targeted intellectual
approach
• Nurse must have a systematic
intellectual approach to the
patient's situation.
METAPARADIG
M
Person

• Person is defined as a human

being.

• Both the nurse and the

patient are human beings.
Health
• Health is subjective and
objective.
 Subjective health
• Individually defined state of well
being in accord with self-appraisal
of physical-emotional-spiritual
status.
 Objective health
• Absence of discernible disease,
disability of defect as measured by
physical examination, laboratory tests
and assessment by spiritual director or
psychological counselor.
Environment
• Environment is not clearly defined.
 Nursing
• "an interpersonal process whereby the
professional nurse practitioner assists an
individual, family or community to prevent
or cope with experience or illness and
suffering, and if necessary to find meaning
in these experiences.”
Description of the theory
• Nursing is accomplished through human-to-
human relationships that begin with the
original encounter and then progress
through stages of emerging identities,
developing feelings of empathy, and later
feelings of sympathy.
• The nurse and patient attain a rapport
in the final stage.
• For meeting the goals of nursing it is a
prerequisite to achieving a genuine
human-to-human relationships.
 relationship can only be established by an
interaction process.
• 5 phases
1.The inaugural meeting or original
encounter
2.Visibility of personal identities/
emerging identities
3. Empathy
4. Sympathy
5. Establishing mutual understanding
and contact/ rapport
Travelbee's ideas
• Greatly influenced the
hospice movement in the
west.
• Travelbee died at age 47.