Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gas Turbine Instrumentation
Gas Turbine Instrumentation
A.GNANASEHARAN, B.E.,
ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE ENGINEER/ C&I,
KUTTALAM GAS TURBINE POWER STATION,
TANGEDCO.
GAS TURBINE
A machine which transfers fuel energy into mechanical energy
AIR FUEL TO EXHAUST
SD LOAD
Starting
device HEAT WORK
COMPRESSION ADDITION EXPANSION DONE
P T 2
4
4
1
1
V S
1 -2 COMPRESSION (COMPRESSOR)
2 - 3 HEAT ADDITION (COMBUSTION CHAMBER)
3 - 4 EXPANSION (TURBINE)
4 - 1 HEAT REJECTION
WHY GT
GT is a mechanical driver can be used for driving,
Compressor
Generator
Ships
Air crafts
Pumps
Single shaft machines
Due to large rotor mass the speed can easily be kept constant
Two shaft machines
Nozzle
High pressure (HP) turbine & compressor are attached to one shaft
These machines provide wide speed range with sufficient power & efficiency
More complex than single shaft machines (Ex. More no. of bearings)
GT should be protected from,
*Over temperature
*Over speed
*Loss of flame
*Vibration
*High pressure
*Fire
The failed section can be serviced and put back into service
The 3 identical sections are named as <R>, <S>, & <T> which are powerful
microcomputers
After logic execution output from <RST> computers going to relay driver module
Where it is getting hardware voted.
If 2/3 voting is true,trip command goes to de-energize the relay coil.Contacts from
this relay is used for final trip in the field.
There is no 2/3 voting for contacts from <C> computer.
Sequential control
D/A SERVO
<RST>
VALVE
* Digital signals from <RST> computers are converted into analog signals
by A/D converters before going to servo valves
LVDT
Vibration Analog <R>
Pressure I/O
module
Speed Servo
<S>
valve
TCM<R>
T/C’s <T>
TCM<S>
Analog
TCM<T> <C> I/O
module
TCM
C1 -C3
All analog & Thermocouple (T/C) signals are connected to <RST> &
<C> computers via analog I/O & thermocouple cards.
Analog input signals A & B are compared with one another.The logic output
C becomes ‘1’ if A is greater than B, else C becomes ‘0’.
A
AXB C
B
4.Divider
A
C
A/B
B
A
Median Y
B
selector
C gate
This gate outputs intermediate value of inputs , I.e. it neglects minimum and
maximum value.In median gate minimum and maximum value is defined by user.
Control system
Fuel
SRV P2 GCV
Inter
valve
pressure
SRV control
Fuel affecting control
GCV control
Both SRV & GCV are SERVO VALVES which are operated by high pressure
hydraulic oil.
SRV TNH
control
software
If any trip occurs (TNH becomes zero) SRV becomes full tight shut off position
and does not allow any further fuel flow.
Nozzle angle control
Why do we need nozzle angle control ?
In single shaft machines depends upon the load condition turbine shaft speed
can be adjusted by modulating fuel flow & air flow.
But in 2 shaft machines HP & LP turbines are isolated.output hot gasses from
HP turbine enters into LP turbine through nozzles.
Hence by varying nozzle angle the amount pressure drop across each turbine
can be varied .
But nozzle angle control associates with these 2 algorithms to control exhaust
temperature.
* flame detection
* vibration protection
* combustion monitoring
Protection system schematics
Master Servo GCV
protection
Over speed valve
<R> 2/3
Over temp. Servo
SRV
<S> valve
Vibration 2/3
Under normal operating conditions the speed of the shaft is the under the
control loop.
Overspeed protection
When the overspeed occurs centrifugal force will overcome spring force. The
resultant force will activate trip mechanism
This trip mechanism drains all the hydraulic oil from the servo valve circuit to
stop further fuel flow.
Flame detection
This system can be used for both single shaft & double shaft machines.
•Data exchange between <R> , <S> , <T> & <C> is done by DE net.
•Digital inputs &outputs are transferred to the respective locations
via IO net.
•Only one computer votes and if it fails another computer takes
over immediately.
Functional description of Mark-V
Arithmetic
unit
Control
From
unit To
field A/D D/A
field
Memory
All the field signals are converted into digital form and then stored in the memory.
The memory also contains the program for Gas turbine control & instructions of
the system software.
The control unit executes all the programs with the help of Arithmetic unit.
The result of this digital operation is stored in the memory and then converted
into analog signals.
Principle of Mark-V system
Logic inputs
Mark-V system uses Software Implemented Fault Tolerance(SIFT) technique.
This means all the 3 computers individually vote all 3 corresponding logic inputs.
Logic output
Logic output value is software voted by one redundant computer (the voter).
Only for the master protection system a hardware 2 out of 3 voting with relays
is executed in the protection module <P>.
The voted master protection signal (=trip signal) controls the power of trip
relays and solenoids.
Analog values
Analog inputs are converted into digital form , processed by the processor and then
converted back into analog form to actuate servos.
Principle of Mark-V
A/D D/A
,, <S> ,,
2/3 2/3
A/D D/A
,, ,,
<T>
2/3 2/3
A/D D/A
,, <C> ,,
1/1 1/1
DE net
Mark-V system configuration
<I> Computer
It is the operator interface,just like personal computer (PC) with color screen.
<BOI> Module
The backup operator interface communicates via a backup net with the redundant
computers <RST>.The malfunctioning of <C> or a unpowered <C> does not
affect this communication.
<C> Communicator
It is a common non-redundant computer.Mainly dedicated for communication
with <I> computer.Though if <C> fails the turbine can still be operated from
the <BOI>and is controlled by <RST> computers.
<RST> computers
These are 3 identical redundant computers.
<P>Module
This module is called protective module which acts as interface between
<RST> computers and field solenoids.
This module receives trip command from <RST> computers and performs
2 out of 3 voting . Then it issues trip command to field solenoids.
<CD> module
It is a digital I/O module of which digital input & output signals are routed
to/from <C> communicator.
This module provides 96 contact inputs and 60 contact outputs.
<QD1> Module
The digital I/O module of which the digital inputs & output signals are
routed to/from <RST> computers.
This module provides 96 contact inputs & 60 contact outputs .
* Analog inputs & outputs for <RST> are connected to terminal boards of
<RST>computers
MARK-V System configuration
<I>
Analog <R>
I/O
Logic
Input/ <QD> <P>
output Analog <S>
I/O
Analog <T>
I/O
DE net