OLED

(Organic Light Emitting

Diode)
Prepared by- Swati Dixit
Dept- Electronics
 Content
What is an OLED?
How is it made?
How do OLEDs emit light?
 Types of OLEDs &
Manufacturing
Advantages and Disadvantage
 Applications
Future Of OLEDs
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
What is an OLED ?

. An OLED (organic light-

emitting diode) is a type of
LED (light-emitting diode),
where the emissive
electroluminescent layer is a
film of organic compound
which emits light in response
to an electric current.
 The Basic Principal

Electroluminescence is a
process in which a material
emits light in response to
electrical field
applied across it.
Cathode - The cathode injects
electrons into emissive layer
Emmisive layer - This layer is
made of polyfluorene that
transport electrons from the
cathode. This is where light is
made
Conducting layer - This layer is
made of polyaniline that
transport "holes" from the
anode node – It is kept
transparentUsually made up of
Indium tin oxide (ITO) that
removes electrons.
substrate-It supports OLED.
How it works? ( Cont.)
 How It works ( Cont.)
1. The battery or power supply of the device containing the
OLED applies a voltage across the OLED
2. An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode
through the organic layers(an electrical current is a flow
of electrons)
• The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of
organic molecules.
• The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer
of organic molecules.(This is the equivalent to giving
electron holes to the conductive layer)
3. At the boundary between the emissive and the
conductive layers, electrons find electron holes.
 How it Works ? ( Cont.)
When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the
hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that is missing
an electron).
• When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the
form of a photon of light.
4. The OLED emits light. The color of the light depends on
the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer.
Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the
same OLED to make colour displays.
5. The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the
amount of electrical current applied. The more the current,
the brighter the light.
 OLED Manufacturing
• Vacuum Thermal Evaporation(VTE)
o Used with small molecule OLEDs

• Organic Vapor Phase Deposition(OVPD)

o Used with polymer LEDs (PLED)

• Inkjet Printing
o Also used with PLEDs
 OLED Manufacturing (cont.)

• Those based on small molecules are typically used with

smaller structures and can be used to make well controlled,
homogeneous films, and the construction of very complex
multi-layer structures.

• Those made using polymers are used for larger area films.
They are efficient and require a small amount of power.
 Materials Used
• Small molecule production can be made of organometallic
chelates, fluorescent and phosphorescent dyes and conjugated
dendrimers. Many materials are used for their charge transport
properties, triphenylamine and derivatives are often used as
materials for hole transport layers. Fluorescent dyes can be chosen
to obtain light emission at different wavelengths, and compounds
such as perylene, rubrene and quinacridone derivatives are often
used.

• Typical polymers used in PLED displays include derivatives of

poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene.
 Types of OLEDs

Passive-matrix OLED
Active-matrix OLED
Transparent OLED
Top-emitting OLED
Foldable OLED
White OLED
 Passive Matrix

The organic layers are

between strips of
cathode and anode.

The intersections form

the pixels.

Easy to make

Uses more power

Active-matrix OLED

Full layers of cathode

and
anode.

Anode overlays a thin

film transistor (TFT).

Requires less power

Higher refresh rates

 Transparent OLEDs

 Transparent OLEDs have

only transparent
components (substrate,
cathode and anode)

 When turned off, are up

to 85 percent as
transparent as their
substrate.
 Top emitting OLEDs Foldable OLED

Top-emitting OLEDs have a Foldable OLEDs have substrates

substrate that is reflective. made of very flexible metallic
foils or plastics.
 White OLED

 White OLEDs emit white

light that is brighter,
more uniform and more
energy efficient.
 ADVANTAGES

• Lighter
• Flexible
• Thinner
• Brightness
• Power Consumption and Efficiency
• Easier to Produce in Large Sizes
• 170 Degree Viewing Area
• Theoretically Cheaper to Make in the Future
• Faster Response Time
• Safe for environment
 Disadvantages

• Vulnerability to Fluids

• Lifetime of Blue Organic Film

• Cost of Manufacturing

• Power Consumption (White Backgrounds)

Better contrast ratio
OLED VS OTHERS
 Commercial Uses
• Portable Digital Media Players

• Mobile Phones

• Car Radios

• Digital Cameras

• High Definition TVs

 Future Aspects

 Finding a cheap way to produce

 “Roll-To-Roll” Manufacturing
 Increasing efficiency of blue OLED
 Increasing Lifespan of OLED
 Conclusion

OLED's use the reaction of electrons and holes to produce

light, but unlike normal LED's these use organic material
layers in the process. OLED's have many manufacturing
challenges before they can become viable for consumer
products. The advantages will be smaller brighter displays
for modern devices which are very efficient.
 REFERENCES

1. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/oled.html
2. http://www.tridonic.com/ae/img/OLEDmodule_LUREON_REP.jpg
3. http://cdn1.bigcommerce.com/server4300/905b4/product_images/uploaded_ima
ges/how-do-leds-work.jpg
4. http://s.hswstatic.com/gif/oled-top-emitting.gif
5. http://www.homeinfo.hu/images/stories/kivitelezes/villamossag/OLED_5.jpg
6. http://www.maximumpc.com/files/u90693/anatomy-full.jpg
Thank You