THE CONTEMPORARY

WORLD
Contemporary

• happening, existing, living, or coming into being during the

same period of time(Merriam-Webster)

• things are modern and relate to the present time.(Collins

dictionary)
the planet on which human life has developed, esp. including all people and their ways
of life(Cambridge dictionary);
a division or generation of the inhabitants of the earth distinguished by living together
at the same place or at the same time(Mirriam-Webster);
to all the people who live on this planet, and our societies, institutions, and ways of
life.(Collins Dictionary)
Physical World Map
Description of 7 Continents
• ASIA includes 50 countries, and it is the most populated continent, the 60% of the total population of the Earth live here.

• AFRICA comprises 54 countries. It is the hottest continent and home of the world's largest desert, the Sahara, occupying
the 25% of the total area of Africa.

• NORTH AMERICA includes 23 countries led by the USA as the largest economy in the world.

• SOUTH AMERICA comprises 12 countries. Here is located the largest forest, the Amazon rainforest, which covers 30%
of the South America total area.

• ANTARCTICA is the coldest continent in the world, completely covered with ice. There are no permanent inhabitants,
except of scientists maintaining research stations in Antarctica.

• EUROPE comprises 51 countries. It is the most developed economically continent with the European Union as the
biggest economic and political union in the world.

• AUSTRALIA includes 14 countries. It is the least populated continent after Antarctica, only 0.2% of the total Earth
population live here.
GLOBALIZATION
• he development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor
market.(Mirriam-Webster)

• implies the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital,
goods, and services across national frontiers. (Business dictionary)

• the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods
and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.(Peterson Institute for International Economics)

• is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development
and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.(The Levin Institute - The State University of New York)

• is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders. (world economic forum)

• is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. (National Geographic)

• Globalization—the process through which an increasingly free flow of ideas, people, goods, services, and capital leads to the integration of economies and
societies—is often viewed as an irreversible force, which is being imposed upon the world by some countries and institutions such as the IMF and the World
Bank. (International Monetary Fund)
Sample of Images in a Globalization system
THE HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION IS DRIVEN BY TECHNOLOGY,
TRANSPORTATION, AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

• Since ancient times, humans have sought distant places to settle, produce,
and exchange goods enabled by improvements in technology and
transportation. But not until the 19th century did global integration take
off. Following centuries of European colonization and trade activity, that
first “wave” of globalization was propelled by steamships, railroads, the
telegraph, and other breakthroughs, and also by increasing economic
cooperation among countries. The globalization trend eventually waned
and crashed in the catastrophe of World War I, followed by
postwar protectionism, the Great Depression, and World War II. After
World War II in the mid-1940s, the United States led efforts to revive
international trade and investment under negotiated ground rules, starting
a second wave of globalization, which remains ongoing, though buffeted by
periodic downturns and mounting political scrutiny.
Areas of Concern around the World
• Trade
• Environment • Migration
• Media • Human Rights
• Development • IMF/World Bank
• Women • Energy
• Investment • Education
• Technology • Health
• Culture • International Law
INTERNALIZATION
• he process of internalization starts with learning what the norms are, and then the individual goes through a process of
understanding why they are of value or why they make sense, until finally they accept the norm as their own viewpoint.
• Internalized norms are said to be part of an individual's personality and may be exhibited by one's moral actions. However, there can
also be a distinction between internal commitment to a norm and what one exhibits externally. George Mead illustrates, through the
constructs of mind and self, the manner in which an individual's internalizations are affected by external norms.
• One thing that may affect what an individual internalizes are role models. Role models often speed up the process of socialization
and encourages the speed of internalization as if someone an individual respects is seen to endorse a particular set of norms, the
individual is more likely to be prepared to accept, and so internalize, those norms. This is called the process of identification.
internalization helps one define who they are and create their own identity and values within a society that has already created a
norm set of values and practices for them.
• To internalizes is defined by the Oxford American Dictionary as to "make (attitudes or behavior) part of one's nature by learning or
unconscious assimilation: people learn gender stereotypes and internalize them.“ Through internalization individuals accept a set of
norms and values that are established by other individuals, groups, or society as a whole.
• Lev Vygotsky, a pioneer of psychological studies, introduced the idea of internalization in his extensive studies of child
development research. Vygotsky provides an alternate definition for internalization, the internal reconstruction of an external
operation. He explains three stages of internalization:
1. An operation that initially represents an external activity is reconstructed and begins to occur internally.
2. An interpersonal process is transformed into an intrapersonal one.
3. The transformation of an interpersonal process into an intrapersonal one is the result of a long series of developmental
events.
• Process by which individual members of a formal group take on (and make them their own) the attitudes, beliefs, perspectives, and
values held by other members. Work ethics, for example, result from the internalization of attitudes toward time and effort.
Liberalization or deregulation
• the loosening of government controls
• the removal of state restrictions on business but subject to government regulations—to protect consumers), but in practice both terms are
generally used to refer to the freeing of markets from state intervention.
• The second half of the 20th century saw a significant shift toward both liberalization and deregulation. The liberalization of trade progressed
through the signing of a succession of free trade agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). By the
1970s free trade had extended to most Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, and many developing
countries followed suit from the 1980s on (including the post communist regimes of central and eastern Europe and, later, the People’s
Republic of China). Another shift occurred toward the removal of foreign investment regulations: according to United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development (UNCTAD) figures, between 1991 and 1996, 95 percent of the 599 national foreign direct investment (FDI)
regulations across the world were in the direction of further liberalization. Financial markets too have been freed from state interference.
The foreign exchange market was the first financial market to liberalize, in the mid-1970s, followed by the deregulation of domestic stock
markets in the 1980s (for the advanced industrial nations) and the 1990s (for the newly industrializing countries).
• Liberalization and deregulation played a central role in stimulating the massive rise in international trade (which grew at an average rate
of 6 percent per annum between 1948 and 1997), FDI (for which stocks and inflows exceeded the rise in world trade), and foreign exchange
and portfolio capital (with the average daily turnover of foreign exchange markets reaching the trillions of dollars). Liberalization and
deregulation are thus both seen to have contributed to the globalization of the world economy.
• According to encyclopedia britanica