STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

- BASIC FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

By
Ashwini Patil
M.Tech in Civil Structural Design
 CONCEPTS:-

• Stress & Strain

• Material Properties
 Stress & Strain
Compressive Stress Tensile Stress

Fig1: Jeep on Jacks Fig 2: Crane with equipments

 STRESS(σ)
Stress is defined as the intensity or force per unit area.

P

A

Units : The basic units of stress in S.I units i.e.

(International system) are N / m2 (or Pa)
TYPES OF STRESSES
 1.Normal Stress
• We have defined stress as force per unit area. If the stresses
are normal to the areas concerned, then these are termed as
normal stresses.
• The normal stresses are generally denoted by a Greek letter ( s )

Fig 3: Uni axial Stress Fig 4: Biaxial & uniaxial Stresses

 1.1.Tensile stress

• A force that attempts to pull apart or stretch

a material.
• Example :

Fig 5: UTM
 1.2.Compressive stress
• A force that attempts to squeeze or compress a
material.

Fig 6: UTM showing compression of cylindrical concrete block

 2.Shear Stress
• Let us consider now the situation, where the cross – sectional
area of a block of material is subject to a distribution of forces
which are parallel, rather than normal, to the area concerned.
Such forces are associated with a shearing of the material,
and are referred to as shear forces.

Fig 7:Object showing Shear Stress

P

A
 3.Bearing stresses
• When one object presses against another, it is
referred to a bearing stress ( They are in fact the
compressive stresses ).
 4.Torsional Stress
• Torsional shear stress or Torsional stress is the shear
stress produced in the shaft due to the twisting. This twisting
in the shaft is caused by the couple acting on it
 STRAIN

• Strain, represented by the Greek letter ε, is a term

used to measure the deformation or extension of
a body that is subjected to a force or set of forces.

• The strain of a body is generally defined as the

change in length divided by the initial length.

• ε = ΔL/L
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
What is the Need to Study Properties of materials..?

•To be able to select a material for a given use

based on considerations of cost and performance.

•To understand the limits of materials and the

change of their properties with use.

•To be able to create a new material that will have

some desirable properties.
 Properties
TYPES
Mechanical properties strength, ductility,
brittleness etc.

Processing properties weld ability, cast

ability, etc.

Physical properties dimensions, density,

etc.

Thermal properties melting point, thermal

conductivity, etc.
Chemical properties reactivity, corrosion
resistance, etc.
 Mechanical properties
1. ELASTICITY :- the ability of an object or material to resume its
normal shape after being stretched or compressed
2. PLASTICITY :-A material in Plastic state is permanently deformed
by the application of the load and has no tendency to recover.
3. DUCTILITY :-is a measure of a material's ability to undergo
significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may be
expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from
a tensile test.
4. BRITTLENESS :-Tendency of a material to fracture or fail upon
the application of a relatively small amount of force, impact, or
shock. Examaple: cast iron, concrete , stone.,
5. MALLEABILITY :- is the quality of something that can be shaped
into something else without breaking.
 Mechanical properties
6. TOUGHNESS :- is the ability of a material to absorb energy
and plastically deform without fracturing.
7. MATERIAL HARDNESS is the property of the material which
enables it to resist plastic deformation
Stress-Strain curve for tensile test

Fig : Stress –Strain Curve for tensile test of metal

THANK YOU..!