In general terms, scientific research consists of an investigation

that:
 seeks answers to a question
 systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer
the question
 collects evidence
 produces findings that were not determined in advance
 produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate
boundaries of the study
 WHAT IS HEALTH…..?

 WHAT IS HEALTH BEHAVIOR

 WHAT IS HEALTH PROMOTION….?
 WHAT IS RESEARCH IN HEALTH BEHAVIOR
AND HEALTH PROMOTION….?
 MULTIDIMENTIONAL FACTORS
◦ Many factors can affect health status of the
individual, group, family, and community

 MULTIDIMENTIONAL EFFECTS
◦ Single or multiple factors can resulting in different
or multiple health condition of individual, group,
family, and community
 HUMAN FACTORS:
◦ PHYSICAL FACTORS
◦ PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
◦ SOCIAL FACTORS
◦ CULTURAL FACTORS

 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
◦ PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
◦ SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
◦ CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
 One stimulus/cause resulting in multiple
disturbances  physical, psychological,
social, and cultural results

 Multiple stimulus/causes resulting in one or

multiple disturbances
i.e. smoking & food consumption pattern 
hypertension, lung cancer, myocardiac infarction
SOR THEORY
STIMULUS

RESPONS

ORGANISME CONSEQUENCES
KOMPONEN DALAM PERILAKU

KNOWLEDGE

ATTITUDE

PRACTICE
KNOWLEDGE

1. RESULT OF KNOWING

2. COGNITIVE ASPECT OF BEHAVIOR

3. LEVEL :
• KNOWING
• UNDERSTANDING
• APPLYING
• ANALIZING
• SYNTHESIS
• EVALUATING
ATTITUDE

1. AFFECTIVE EMOTIONAL ASPECT OF

THE BEHAVIOR
2. MOSTLY RESULT OF KNOWLEDGE
3. MANY RESULT OF BELIEVE TOWARD
SOMETHING
4. PREDISPOSING TO ACTION
PRACTICE

• OVERT BEHAVIOR
• PSYCOMOTORIC COMPONENT OF
BEHAVIOR
• SEEM AS ACTION
 KNOWLEDGE
COVERT BEHAVIOR

 ATTITUDE

INTERVIEW

 PRACTICE/ACTION OVERT BEHAVIOR

• OBSERVATION
• INTERVIEW
 STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
 SEHARUSNYA MENCAKUP SEMUA LEVEL
 KNOWING: “ Pernahkan anda mendengar
tentang....”
 UNDERSTANDING: “ Apa yang dimaksud dengan...”
 APPLYING: “Apakah manfaat dari...”
 ANALIZING: “Apabila kekurangan zat....dalam
bahan makanan, maka akan terjadi....”
 SYNTHESIS: “Penambahan zat...dalam bahan
makanan akan mengubah......
 EVALUATING: “Dampak dari Pemberian ASI
Eksklusif adalah....”
 COMMON MISTAKES:
 BANYAK PERTANYAAN TAPI HANYA MENGUKUR
KNOWING DAN UNDERSTANDING

• KESIMPULAN BISA KELIRU

• Misal :
• Banyak jawaban benar sehingga disimpulkan
pengetahuan tinggi
 Dilakukandengan kuesioner terstruktur dengan
memakai skala LIKERT dengan 5 skala
 Dapat dengan metode THURSTONE (Jarang
dipakai)
 Contoh:
 Memberi ASI Eksklusif melelahkan (STS-TS-TB-S-SS)
 Common Mistake
 Pemberian ASI Eksklusif memberi kekebalan pada
bayi (STS-TS-TB-S-SS)
 OVERT BEHAVIOR  OBSERVASI
 SULIT PADA RETROSPEKTIF MAUPUN PADA HAL
YANG SENSITIF ATAU SANGAT PRIBADI
ALTERNATIF DENGAN WAWANCARA MENDALAM
 Educational, management and political
actions  basically behavioral changes
 Improve health status among individuals,
family, group, and community
 So…..research in Health Promotion always
regarding on behavior change, and
 Behavior change can function as a mean
(tool in improving health status) and as an end
(objective of health program)
 Confirmation of Behavioral theory(ies)
 Research on the concept of Behavior
◦ Interrelation b/ behavior components (KAPB)
 Research on the target
◦ Individuals, family/group, organization,
community
 Research on the content
◦ Policy, social factors, cultural factors,
environment, etc.
 Research on the methods
◦ Training, Peer Education, Empowerment, Media
etc.
 Component of Behavior  K-A-P-B
 Analyzing each component of behavior (i.e.
The role of each component to behavior
changes)
 Interrelationship between component of
behavior
 Process of behavior change
(i.e. How KAPB change due to certain
stimulus or factors in the community;
social, cultural, etc)
 How characteristic of the target(s) affect(s)
health behavior
Personal characteristics
◦ Personality, impairment, intelligent, etc.
Social characteristics
◦ Economical status, educational status, etc.
Cultural characteristics
◦ Norms, values system, folkways, etc
 How Health Promotion affects target’s
(persons, family, group, organization, and
community) health behavior
 i.e.
Affect of advocacy to policy maker’s perceive
of health issues
Affect of social support to individual’s health
behavior
Affect of empowerment to community’s value
of health
 How effective a method that be used in
Health Promotion in changing target behavior
 Methods in HP:
◦ Counseling
◦ Peer Education
◦ Group Discussion
◦ Social Marketing
◦ CO-CD
◦ Media Utilization
◦ Etc.
 Many methods are used in Health Promotion
activities  attempting behavior change
 Certain method can only apply to certain target,
i.e. counseling mostly for individual target
 Certain method can be applied to many targets,
i.e. discussion can be applied either to
individual, family, or group.