Basal Ganglia

 functions
 components
 neuronal connections
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3
basal ganglia cont’d

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 basal ganglia cont’d

 the primary afferent receiving areas of the basal ganglia

are the caudate nucleus and putamen
 the primary output part of the basal ganglia is the globus
pallidus
AFFERENT SOURCES OF THE BASAL GANGLIA
 cerebral cortex(main source)
 motor, sensory, association and even limbic cortex
 subthalamus
 midbrain

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Feed back circuit b/n the basal ganglia and the
cerebral cortex

Cortical inputs to the basal ganglia is excitatory(+)

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Internal connections of the basal ganglia

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basal ganglia cont’d

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Glu=glutamate, DA=dopamine +=excitatory - = inhibitory
VL= ventrolateral nucleus, VA= ventral anterior nucleus,
CM=centromedian nucleus 9
indirect pathway cont’d
Indirect pathway

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11
Cont’d

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 Cerebellum
 physiologic structure
 functions
 lobes and functional parts
 internal circuitry
 afferent and efferent connections
 role of cerebellum cont’d

Cerebellum = coordinator of movement and predictor

of consequences of movement 14
cerebellum cont’d

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 cerebellum cont’d

Fig: Superior view

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cerebellum cont’d

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 cerebellum cont’d

• Functionally the cerebellum is

divided in to 3
 cerebellar hemisphere(lateral
zone)
 vermis
 paravermal area/intermediate
zone
 Flocculo nodular lobe

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Cerebellar cortex
Fig:Cytoarchitecture of the cerebellar cortex shown in a 3D view
cerebellum cont’d

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Fig: layers of
Cerebellar cortex 27
Deep cerebellar nuclei/gray matter
Fig: Deep nuclei of the cerebellum 29
Neural connection b/n cerebellar cortex & deep
cerebellar nuclei
 cerebellum cont’d

• the fastigial nuclei are connected with the floculonodular

lobe, vermis and lower paravermal area
o control balance( by controlling truncal movement)

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Afferent fibers to the cerebellum
Fig: layers of
Cerebellar cortex 33
34
 cerebellum cont’d

Inputs to the cerebellum

 corticopontocerebellar(planning, organizing and
coordinating movement )
 olivocerebellar(proprioception)
 vestibullocerebellar(balance,muscle tone and posture)
 reticulocerebellar(muscle tone and posture)
 spinocerebellar(proprioception)

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fig: corticopontocerebellar circuit

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Feedback circuit b/n olivary nucleus& cerebellum
Cerebellorubral fiber
(efferent)

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 Feedback circuit b/n vestibular nuclei and
cerebellum
cerebellovestibular
fiber(efferent)

Vestibulocerebellar
fiber(afferent)

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 re
Cerebello reticular
fiber(efferent)

Reticulocerebellar
fiber(afferent)

Fig: Feedback circuit b/n reticular formation& cerebellum

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vestibulocerebellum
Fig:Vestibulocerebellar connections
Spinocerebellum
Fig: Spinocerebellar connection
Cerebrocerebellar connections
Fig: Cerebrocerebellar connections
Functions of neocerebellum:
 eye–hand coordination
– It uses visual input and calculates the trajectory of
movement needed to reach or manipulate a target
 predicts the sensory consequence of a movement
through comparison with the past experience
o this is the reason you cannot tickle yourself
 involved in the planning and automatization of voluntary
movements
 cognition
 modulates but does not generate language and cognition