Faults and

Earthquakes
 BASIC DEFINITIONS

FAULT:A surface or narrow

zone along which one side has
moved relative to the other.

 Faults are classified based

upon their direction of
movement.
 HANGING WALL vs FOOTWALL
 A fault divides rock into two fault blocks
 For any inclined fault, the block above the fault is the
hanging wall block, and the block below the fault is
the footwall block

www.data.scec.org/Module/footnt02.html
 CLASSIFICATION of DIP-SLIP FAULTS
 NORMAL FAULTS: Dip-slip faults on which the hanging wall
moves down relative to the footwall
 Place younger rocks on older rocks
 Form in regions of lateral extension

www.data.scec.org/
Module/footnt02.html
 EXAMPLES OF
NORMAL FAULTS

Outcrop scale normal faults

Conjugate Normal Faults,

Canyonlands National Park
darkwing.uoregon.edu/~millerm/conjN1.html
Normal Fault Scarps, Turkey
www.msnucleus.org/.../pt/hazards/4/pth4_1a.html
 CLASSIFICATION of DIP-SLIP FAULTS
 THRUST or REVERSE FAULTS: Dip-slip faults on which the
hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall
 Place older rocks on younger rocks
 Form in regions of lateral compression

www.data.scec.org/
Module/footnt02.html
 Outcrop scale thrust faults
EXAMPLES OF www.pitt.edu/.../7Structures/ReverseFaults.html

THRUST FAULTS

Thrust Fault in Concrete from 1964 Quake,

Anchorage, Alaska
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/.../alaska/0709log.html
Thrust Fault in Sediments
www001.upp.so-net.ne.jp/fl-fg/05-01.htm
 CLASSIFICATION of STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS
 RIGHT-LATERAL (DEXTRAL) FAULTS: Strike-slip faults
across which the block moves to the right

 LEFT-LATERAL (SINISTRAL) FAULTS: Strike-slip faults

across which the block moves to the right
 Right Lateral Fault in Asphalt

EXAMPLES OF
www.uwsp.edu/.../fault_transform_photo.html

STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS

San Andreas Fault, CA

http://education.usgs.gov/california/
pp1515/chapter2/fig2-21.jpg
Right Lateral Slip, Izmit, Turkey, 1999 Quake
http://www.geo.uib.no/jordskjelv/
index.php?topic=earthquakes&lang=en
Earthquakes
Epicenter and Focus
Seismograph and
Seismogram
Determining
Earthquake
Distance
Locating an Epicenter
Global Seismicity
THE LUZON
EARTHQUAKE
M7.8
JULY 16, 1990
4:26 PM
LOCATION

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Luzon
_earthquake
OCCURRENCE

 The earthquake occurred on the

Philippine fault system, a well-known
strike-slip fault zone.
 The rupture produced a 125 km-long
surface scarp stretching from
Dingalan, Aurora to Cuvapo, Nueva
Eciia.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

 ALL NOTABLE
EARTHQUAKES
 PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
AND INFRASTRUCTURE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY
.
RESILIENCE
Baguio City was
isolated from the
rest of the
Philippines for 48
hours after the
quake.
BAGUIO CITY: DAMAGE TO
BUILDINGS
 Baguio City, a popular tourist
destination, situated about 1,500 m
(1 mile) above sea level, was among
the areas hardest hit by the
earthquake.
 Thecollapsed and damaged buildings
in Baguio City included hotels,
factories, government and university
buildings, and homes..[
HYATT TERACES HOTEL: 80 DEAD
BAGUIO CITY: DAMAGE TO LIFELINE
SYSTEMS
 Electric,water and
communication lines were
destroyed.
 Kennon Road, the main vehicular
route to Baguio, as well as other
access routes to the mountain
city, were shut down by landslides
 FATALITIES

An estimated 1,621 people were

killed in the earthquake, with
most of the fatalities located in
the Central Luzon and Cord-illera
region
M7.6 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES 140 KM FROM
SAMAR PROVINCE ON
EAST COAST OF THE PHILIPPINES

34 KM DEEP
8:47 PM
AUGUST 31, 2012
LOCATION MAP
THE PHILIPPINES’ RENATO SOLIDUM
POINTS TO EPICENTER
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL NOTABLE
EARTHQUAKES
 PREPAREDNESS
PLANNING FOR THE
INEVITABLE GROUND
SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL
FOR COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE.
CAGAYAN DE ORO:
A COLLAPSED HOUSE
DAMAGED ROAD
DAMAGED ROAD
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

 ALL NATURAL
HAZARDS
 CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENT
EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS
ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY
.
RESILIENCE
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
Wide spread power
outages occurred in
Samar Province
One person was killed
when a landslide engulfed
the home in Cagayan de
Oro City.
THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI
WARNING CENTER ISSUED
A TSUNAMI WARNING,
WHICH WAS LIFTED AFTER
2 HOURS
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

 ALL NATURAL
HAZARDS
 CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND
RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL
FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE .
Richter Scale…
A Measure of
Earthquake Size
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Sumatra

Site of M9.3
Earthquake,
December 26,
2004
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Chile

Site of M9.5
Earthquake,

May 22, 1960

Convergent Plate Boundaries
Pakistan

Site of M5.2
Earthquake,
July 16,
2005
Transform Plate Boundaries
San Andreas
Fault

Boundary
Between the
North
American
and Pacific
Plates
San Andreas
Fault

San Francisco
Site of M7.8
Earthquake,
April 18,
1906
Plate Boundaries
Seismicity of the US, 1968-2003, M>3.5
NE
Seismicity
1977-1999
(22 Years)

Blue
Circles:
M≥4
Seismic Zones for Building Codes
Liquifaction…
Manhattan Site Classes,
Census Track - Based

A Hard Rock 0.8

B Firm Rock 1.0
C Firm Soil 1.7
D Soil 2.4
E Soft Soil 3.5

Amplification at 1.0 Hz