MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscular System

• Movement is one of the most distinctive

and easily observed characteristics of life
• when we walk, talk, run, breathe or engage
in a multitude of other physical activities
that are under the "willed" control of the
individual, we do so by contraction of
skeletal muscle
Muscular System

• there are more than 600 skeletal muscles in

the body
• collectively, they constitute 40% to 50% of
our body weight
• together with the scaffolding provided by
the skeleton, muscles also determine the
form and contours of our body
• contraction of individual muscle cells is
ultimately responsible for purposeful
movement
FUNCTIONS

• Movement - skeletal muscle contractions

produce movement of the body as a whole
(locomotion) or movement of its parts

• Heat Production - muscle cell, like all

cells, produce heat by the process known
as catabolism. But because skeletal muscle
cells are both highly active and numerous,
they produce a major share of total body
heat
FUNCTIONS

• - skeletal muscle contractions therefore

constitute one of the most important parts
of the mechanism for maintaining
homeostasis of temperature

• Posture - the continued partial contraction

of many skeletal muscles makes possible
standing, sitting and maintaining a relatively
stable position of the body while walking,
running or performing movements
FUNCTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

ability to be stimulated; because

skeletal muscle cells are excitable,
Excitability they can respond to regulatory
mechanisms such as nerve signals

ability to shorten or contract, allows

Contractility muscle tissue to pull on bones and
thus produce body movement

ability to extend or stretch, allows

muscles to return to their resting
length after having contracted;
Extensibility mucles may also extend while still
exerting force like lowering heavy
object in hands
Skeletal Muscle and Contraction

» Skeletal muscles make up the bulk of the

human body
» Skeletal muscle are attached to the
skeleton and their contraction causes the
movement of bones
» Nerve impulses originating in the brain and
spinal cord innervate skeletal muscles by
way of nerves and through a series of
steps bring about contraction
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Blood vessels serve the muscles, bringing to
muscle cell mitochondria the oxygen and
nutrients needed to produce a supply of ATP
for muscle contraction

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Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

» Muscles are covered by several layers of

connective tissue called FASCIA which
extends beyond the muscle to become its
tendon
» Fascia also surrounds bundles of muscle
fibers called fascicles and it separates the
muscle fibers within a fascicle

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Muscle Fiber

» a muscle fiber can contract because it

contains hundreds and sometimes even
thousands of contractile elements called
myofibrils
» myofibrils run the length of a muscle fiber,
and the striations seen in observation of
muscular tissue are due to the placement
of filaments within sarcomeres, the units of
a myofibrils

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Muscle Fiber

» There are thin (actin) filaments and thick

(myosin) filaments
» when a myofibril contracts, the actin
filaments slide past the myosin filaments,
causing the myofibril and therefore the
muscle fiber, to shorten and thicken. This
is the sliding filament theory of muscle
contraction

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Innervation of Muscle

» Muscles are innervated that is, they are

supplied with nerves and nerve impulses
cause muscles to contract
» A motor neuron arising from the spinal cord
branches to several muscle fibers,
collectively called a MOTOR UNIT
» A neuromuscular junction occurs where a
motor neuron fiber meets a muscle fiber

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FUNCTIONS OF CARDIAC MUSCLE

• cardiac muscle is found in only one organ

of the body: heart
• forming the bulk of the wall of each heart
chamber, cardiac muscle contracts
rhythmically and continuously to provide the
pumping action necessary to maintain a
relative constancy of blood flow through the
internal environment
FUNCTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

• exhibits a rhythmic self-excitation or

autorhythmicity that spreads across the
entire tissue
• when these rhythmic, spreading waves of
contraction become strong enough, they
can push the contents of a hollow organ
progressively along its lumen
• the phenomenon is called peristalsis
moves food along the digestive tract
FUNCTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

• assists the flow of urine to the bladder

• pushes the baby out of the womb during
labor
• such contractions can also be coordinated
to produce mixing movements in the
stomach and other organs
Characteristics of Muscle Tissues

SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH

skeketal muscle walls of many

Principal location wall of the heart
organs hollow organs

movement of movement in walls

Principal functions bones, heat pumping of blood of hollow organs
production, posture (peristalsis, mixing)
Characteristics of Muscle Tissues

SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH

Type of control voluntary involuntary involuntary

Striations present present absent

Characteristics of Muscle Tissues

SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH

many near the single; near the

Nucleus single
sarcolemma center of the cell

large diameter;
form diads with the
narrow; form triads
T Tubules SR, regulate Ca++ absent
with the SR
entry into the
sarcoplasm
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Characteristics of Muscle Tissues

SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH

Sarcoplasmic extensive; stores less extensive than very poorly

Reticulum and releases Ca++ in skeletal muscle developed

Visceral:
rapid twitch electrically coupled
syncytium of fibers sheets of fibers
contractions of
compress the heart contract
motor units usually
chambers in slow, autorhythmically
summate to
separate and produce
Contraction style produce sustained
contractions (does mixing movements
tetanic
not exhibit tetanus
contractions;must Multiunit: individual
or fatigue); exhibits
be stimulated by a fibers contract
autorhythmicity
neuron when stimulated by
a neuron
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SIZE, SHAPE AND FIBER ARRANGEMENT

can vary in length, but long straplike

muscles with parallel fascicles are
perhaps most typical
Parallel Muscles
Ex. sartorius - muscle of the leg
rectus abdominis - anterior abdo-
minal wall

have fascicles that radiate out from a

small to a wider point of attachment,
Convergent Muscles
much like the blades in a fan
Ex. pectoralis major

"feather-like" in appearance
Pennate Muscles Ex. soleus, rectus femoris (thigh),
deltoid
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SIZE, SHAPE AND FIBER ARRANGEMENT

have fascicles that may be close to

parallel in the center or belly of the
Fusiform Muscles muscle but converge to a tendon at one
or both ends
Ex. brachioradialis

have fibers that twist between their

Spiral Muscles points of attachments
Ex. latissimus dorsi

sometimes called sphincters, often

Circular Muscles circle body tubes or openings
Ex. orbicularis oris (around the mouth)
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MECHANISM OF CONTRACTION

• To accomplish the powerful shortening or

contraction of a muscle fiber, several
processes must be coordinated in a
stepwise fashion
Major Events of Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

Excitation and Contraction

1. A nerve impulse reaches the end of a motor neuron and
triggers release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

2. Acetylcholine diffuses rapidly across the gap of the

neuromuscular junction and binds to acetylcholine receptors
on the motor endplate of the muscle fibers
3. Stimulation of acteylcholine receptors initiates an
impulse that travels along the sarcolemma, through the T
tubules, to the sacs of the SR
Major Events of Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

Excitation and Contraction

4. Ca++ is released from the SR into the sarcoplasm,
where it binds to troponin molecules in the thin
myofilaments

5. Tropomyosin molecules in the thin myofilaments shift

and thereby expose actin's active sites

6. Energized myosin cross bridges of the thick

mypfilaments bind to actin and use their energy to pull the
thin myofilaments toward the center of each sarcomere.
This cycle repeats itself many times per second, as long as
ATP is available
Major Events of Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

Excitation and Contraction

7. As the filaments slide past the thick myofilaments, the
entire muscle fiber shortens
Major Events of Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

RELAXATION

1. After the impulse is over, the SR begins actively

pumping Ca++ back into its sacs

2. As Ca++ is stripped from troponin molecules in

the thick myofilaments, tropomyosin returns to its
position and blocks actin's active sites
Major Events of Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

RELAXATION

3. Myosin cross-bridges are prevented from

binding to actin and thus can no longer sustain the
contraction

4. Because the thick and thin myofilaments, are

no longer connected the muscle fiber may return to
its longer, resting length
 VIDEO
MUSCLE CONTRACTION

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 Physiology of Muscle Contraction
(All or None Law)
» When a muscle fiber is stimulated, it
behaves in an all-or-none manner, it either
contracts completely or not at all
» The strength of the contraction of a whole
muscle can increase according to how
many muscle fibers are connected
» An entire muscle does not obey the all-or-
none law because the total amount of
contraction depends on how many muscle
fibers are contracted at that time 37
Muscle Twitch, Summation and Tetanus

» A single stimulus causes a muscle to

contract and then relax resulting in a
muscle twitch
» A muscle twitch can be divided into the
latent period (the time between stimulus
and initiation of contraction), the
contraction period and the relaxation
period

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Muscle Twitch, Summation and Tetanus

» Normally in the body, a muscle receives

many impulses in rapid succession,
because of this, tension summates until
maximal sustained contraction called
tetanus is achieved
» If the muscle is not allowed to rest, fatigue
will set in
» Fatigue is apparent when a muscle
relaxes, even though stimulation is
continued
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Muscle Twitch, Summation and Tetanus

» When a muscle fiber fatigues (gives out), it

has run out of ATP
» Muscles of long-distance runners have
been known to fatigue when most of the
fibers have run out of ATP, causing the
runner to collapse

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The Twitch Contraction

• The quick, jerky twitch contraction seen in a

myogram serves as the fundamental model
for how muscles operate

• The myogram of a twitch contraction shows

that the muscle does not begin to contract
at the instant of stimulation but rather a
fraction of a second later
The Twitch Contraction

• The muscle then increases its tension (or

shortens) until a peak is reached, after
which it gradually returns to its resting state

• The phases of twitch contraction: latent

period, contraction phase, and relaxation
phase ( the entire twitch usually lasts less
than 1/10 of a second
The Twitch Contraction
• During the latent period, the impulse initiated by
the stimulation travels through the sarcolemma
and T tubules to the SR, where it triggers the
release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm

• It is not until the calcium binds to troponin and

sliding of tge myofilaments begins that contraction
is observed

• After a few milliseconds, the forceful sliding of the

myofilaments ceases and relaxation begins
The Twitch Contraction

• By the end of the relaxation phase, all of

the myosin-actin reactions in all the fibers
have ceased

• Twitch contraction - is a single, brief

threshold stimulus produces a quick jerk of
the muscle
TREPPE

• a gradual, steplike increase in the strength

of contraction that can be observed in a
series of twitch contractions that occur
about 1 second apart
• muscle contracts more forcefully after it has
contracted a few times than when it first
contracts- a pinciple used by athletes when
they warm up
TETANUS
• simple twitch, smooth, sustained types of
contraction that are commonly observed in
the body (tetanic contraction)

• a series of stimuli come in a rapid enough

succession, the muscle does not have time
to relax completely before the next
contraction phase begins (multiple wave
summation) multiple waves have been
added together to sustain muscle tension
for a longer period of time
TETANUS
• the type of tetanus produced when very
short periods of relaxation occur between
peaks of tension called incomplete
tetanus
• When the frequency of stimuli increases,
the distance between peaks of tension
decrease to a point at which they seem to
fuse into a single, sustained peak. This
produces a very smooth type of tetanic
contraction called complete tetanus
Oxygen Debt
» Following strenuous exercise, we continue
to breathe deeply and pant,even while
resting
» This continued intake of oxygen is required
to complete the metabolism of lactic acid
that has accumulated during exercise and
represents an oxygen debt that the body
must pay to rid itself of lactic acid
» The lactic acid is transported to the liver,
where it is completely broken down to
carbon dioxide and water 48
Aspects of Muscle Contraction

» When a muscle contracts, one bone

remains fairly stationary and the other one
moves
» The origin of a muscle is on the stationary
bone and the insertion of a muscle is on
the bone that moves

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Aspects of Muscle Contraction

» A body part is moved by a group of

muscles working together
» One muscle does most of the work and is
called the prime mover
» The assisting muscles are called the
synergists
» When muscle contract, they shorten;
therefore, muscles can only pull; they
cannot push
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Aspects of Muscle Contraction

» Muscles have antagonists and antagonistic

pairs work opposite one another to bring
about movement in opposite directions
» For example: the biceps brachii and the
triceps brachii are antagonists; one flexes
the forearm and the other extends the
forearm

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MUSCLE TONE

• continual, partial contraction in a muscle

organ

• small number of the total fibers in a muscle

contract and produce tautness of the
muscle rather than a recognizable
contraction and movement

• different groups of fibers scattered

throughout the muscle contract in relays
MUSCLE TONE
• the low level of continuous contraction
characteristic of the muscles of normal
individuals when they are awake
• important for maintaining posture
• Muscle tone is a condition in which some
fibers are always contracted
• Muscle tone is important in maintaining
posture
• If muscles of the neck, trunk and legs
suddenly relax, the body collapses
ISOTONIC AND ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS

• Isotonic (means same tension)

• Isotonic contraction is a contraction in
which the tone or tension within a muscle
remains the same as the length of the
muscles changes
• because the muscle is moving against its
resistance (load) in an isotonic contraction,
the energy of contraction is used to pull on
the thin myofilaments and thus change the
length of a fiber's sarcomeres
ISOTONIC AND ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS

• in isotonic contractions the myosin cross

bridges win the tug of war against a light
load and are able to pull the thin
myofilaments
• varieties /kinds of isotonic contraction:
concentric and eccentric
ISOTONIC AND ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS

• Concentric contractions are those in

which the movement results in shortening
of the muscle

• Eccentric contraction are those in which

the movement results in lengthening of the
muscle being contracted
 ISOTONIC AND ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS

• Isometric contraction in contrast to an

isotonic contraction, is a contraction in which
muscle length remains the same while muscle
tension increases

• Isotonic contraction - same tension; change in

length

• Isometric contraction - same length; increases

tension
Isotonic Versus Isometric Contraction

» When muscles contract, they shorten and

a movement occurs. This is called isotonic
contraction. For example: when a barbell
weight is moved upward, the biceps
contracts isotonically
» Muscles contract but do not shorten or
produce movement. This is called an
isometric contraction. When a stationary
bar is pulled on, the biceps contracts
isometrically and no movement occurs
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Effects of Contraction on Size of Muscle

» Forceful muscular activity over a prolonged

period causes muscles to increase in size
» This increase is called hypertrophy occurs
only if the muscle contracts to at least 75%
of its maximum tension
» However, only a few minutes of forceful
exercise several times a week are required
for hypertrophy to occur

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Effects of Contraction on Size of Muscle
» Muscles that are not used or that are used
for only very weak contractions decrease in
size or atrophy
» Atrophy can occur when a limb is placed in
cast or when the nerve serving a muscle is
damaged
» If nerve stimulation is not restored, muscle
fibers are gradually replaced by fat and
fibrous tissue
» Atrophy causes muscle fibers to shorten
progressively, leaving body parts 60
Classification of Muscles Based on
Action

» Flexor - bending so angle between two

bones decreases
» Extensor - bending so angle between two
bones increases
» Abductor - movement away from midline of
body or structure
» Adductor - movement toward midline of
body or structure
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 Classification of Muscles Based on
Action

» Pronator - turning of forearm so palm faces

downward
» Supinator - turning of forearm so palm
faces upward
» Rotator - turning movement around a
longitudinal axis
» Levator - movement in an upward direction
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Classification of Muscles Based on
Action

» Depressor - movement in a downward

direction

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Muscles of the Head

» Muscles of the head are divided into:

» 1. Muscles of facial expression
» 2. Muscles of mastication

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Muscles of Facial Expression

» Frontalis - lies over the frontal bone and

raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the brow

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Muscles of Facial Expression

» Orbicularis oculi
» - a ringlike band of muscle that encircles
the eye
» - causes the eye to close or blink
» - responsible for crow's feet at the eye
corners

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Muscles of Facial Expression

» Buccinator
» - located in the cheek area and when it
contracts the cheek is compressed, such
as when a person whistles or blows out air
(Trumpeter's muscle)
» - helps hold food in contract with the teeth
during chewing

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Muscles of Facial Expression

» Orbicularis oris
» - encircles the mouth and is used to pucker
the lips, as in forming a kiss

» Zygomaticus
» - cheek bone
» - raises the corners of the mouth when a
person smiles

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Muscles of Mastication

» are used when we chew food

» Masseter
» - extends from zygomatic arch to the
mandible
» - muscle of mastication (chewing) because
it raises the mandible

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Muscles of Mastication
» Temporalis
» - fan-shaped muscle that overlies the
temporal bone
» - acts as synergist to the masseter

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 Muscles that Move the Head
NAME FUNCTION ORIGIN/INSERTION

Trapezius Extends neck and Occipital bone and

adducts scapula all cervical and
thoracic
vertebrae/spine of
scapula and clavicle
Sternocleido- Flexes neck and Sternum and
mastoid rotates head clavicle/mastoid
process of temporal
lobe 71
Muscles of the Trunk

External Pull ribs up and out Superior rib/

intercostals inferior rib

Internal intercostals Pull ribs down and Inferior rib/ superior

in rib

External oblique Tenses abdominal Lower eight ribs/

wall and lateral iliac
rotation

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Muscles of the Trunk
Internal oblique Tenses abdominal Iliac crest/ lower
wall and lateral three ribs
rotation

Transversus Tenses abdominal Lower six ribs/

abdominis wall crest of pubis

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Muscles of the Trunk

Rectus abdominis Flexes vertebral pubis symphysis/

column xiphoid process of
sternum, 5th to 7th
costal cartilages

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Muscles that Move the Pectoral Girdle
and Arm
Rhomboides major Raises and Spines of upper
adducts scapula thoracic vertebrae/
medial border of
scapula

Infraspinatus Rotates arm Posterior surface of

laterally scapula/ greater
tubercle of
humerus

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Muscles that Move the Pectoral Girdle
and Arm

Serratus anterior Pulls scapula Upper nine ribs/

downward and vertebral border of
forward scapula

Deltoid Abducts arm Acromion process,

spine of scapula
and the clavicle/
deltoid tuberosity of
humerus
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 Muscles that Move the Pectoral Girdle
and Arm
Pectoralis major Flexes and adducts Clavicle, sternum,
arm 2nd to 6th costal
cartilages/intertubul
ar groove of
humerus

Latissimus dorsi Extends or adducts Iliac crest/

arm intertubular groove
of humerus

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Muscles that Move the Pectoral Girdle
and Arm
Teres major Extends humerus Lateral border of
or adducts and scapula/
rotates arm intertubular groove
medially of humerus

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Muscles That Move the Forearm
Biceps brachii Flexes forearm and Scapula/ radial
supinates hand tuberosity

Triceps brachii Extends forearm Scapula, proximal

humerus/
olecranon process
of ulna

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 Muscles that Move the Hand
Extensor carpi and Move wrist and Humerus/ carpals
flexor carpi hand and metacarpals

Extensor digitorum Move fingers Humerus, radius

and flexor ulna/phalanges
digitorum

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Muscles That Move the Thigh
Iliopsoas Flexes thigh Lumbar vertebrae,
ilium/ lesser
trochanter of femur

Gluteus maximus Extends thigh Posterior ilium,

sacrum/ proximal
femur

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Muscles That Move the Thigh
Gluteus medius Abducts thigh Ilium/ greater
trochanter of femur

Adductor group Adducts thigh Pubis, ischium/

femur and tibia

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Muscles That Move the Lower Limb
Quadriceps femoris Extends lower leg Ilium, femur/patella,
group tendon that
continues as a
ligament to tibial
tuberosity

Harmstring group Flexes lower leg Ischial tuberosity/

and extends hip lateral and medial
tibia

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Muscles That Move the Lower Limb

Sartorious Flexes, abducts Ilium/ medial tibia

and rotates leg

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Muscles That Move the Ankle and Foot
Peroneus group Plantar flexion and Fibula/ tarsal and
eversion of foot metatarsal bones

Soleus Plantar flexes foot Tibia, fibula/

calcaneus

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Muscles That Move the Ankle and Foot
Gastrocnemius Plantar flexion and Condyles of femur/
eversion of foot calcaneus by way
of Achilles tendon

Tibialis anterior Dorsiflexion and Condyles of tibia/

inversion of foot tarsal and
metatarsal

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Muscles That Move the Ankle and Foot

Flexor and Moves toes Tibi,mfibula/

extensor digitorum phalanges
longus

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