“4- Station Seismograph

Network”
Objective:
• Explore properties of
Seismic Waves (P,S and
Surface Waves).
 Pictures and words in the
newspaper helped us to
connect the pieces perfectly.
 The lines of prints make sure that
the newspaper is fitted well. The
words written serve as clues in
connecting the pieces of newspaper
together. The completed/connected
words confirm that the newspaper
has been reassembled.
 - The picture in the
newspaper is completed.
- The broken words were
completed/connected.
Answer: C
  statesthat all the
continents were once one
large landmass that broke
apart, and where the pieces
moved slowly to their
current locations
 according to this theory,
hot, less dense material
from below the earth’s
crust rises towards the
surface at the mid-ocean
ridge
 theory that explains how
large pieces of the
lithosphere, called plates,
move and change shape
  these are the moving,
irregularly- shaped slabs
that fit together to form
the surface of the earth
 branch
of geology that
deals with the
movements that shape
the Earth’s crust
  current in the mantle
because of the heat from
the inner layers of the
earth, and is the force that
drives the plates to move
around
 theprocess in which the
crust plunges back into
the earth
 the ability of solid to flow
• is the magnetic force field
that surrounds the Earth.
• It is attributed to the
combined effects of the
planetary rotation and the
movement of molten iron
in the Earth’s core.
- the property of having
poles or being polar
- +

+ -
 A magnet (dipole)
produces a magnetic
field.
• region in space around a
magnet in which a
magnetic force acts on
another magnet brought
into the region
Right Hand Grip Rule: a current (I)
flowing in the direction of the white
arrow produces a magnetic field (B)
shown by the red arrows.
 • imaginary lines that
indicate the direction and
magnitude of the field
about a magnet
Aging the Ocean Floor
 or “ancient magnetism”
 Paleo = ancient
 Magnetism = magnetic field
 is the study of the changes in
Earth’s magnetic field over its
history to determine how old
the ocean floor is in a
particular spot
 Earth’s magnetic field
originates in the very hot
molten (liquid) outer core and
it can reverse direction.
 The earth’s magnetic field is a
dipole;
one that has a north pole
and a south pole
 The Earth's magnetic field is
thought to be produced by
convection currents in the outer
liquid of Earth's core.
 The presence of this field causes
a compass, placed anywhere
within it, to rotate so that the
"north pole" of the magnet in the
compass points roughly north,
toward Earth's North Magnetic
Pole.
 MAGNETIC COMPASS
• A magnetic compass tells us
directions on earth.
• It also proves that the earth
has a magnetic field.
• Like electric charges, for magnetic
fields, the same poles repel and
opposite poles attract.
• Note a compass is a magnetic
dipole.
• The needle of a magnetic compass
usually points to the North Pole of
the earth which is actually the South
Magnetic Pole at present.
 Earth's magnetic field is not
constant - the strength of
the field and the location of
its poles vary. Moreover, the
poles periodically reverse
their orientation in a process
called geomagnetic reversal.
 also called magnetic “flip” of the
earth
 happens when the North Pole is
transformed into a South Pole and
the South Pole becomes the North
Pole
 this is due to the change in the
direction of flow in the outer core
 The field has reversed many times
in the past.
Particles of
magnetic
minerals lock
in place
pointing in
the direction
of the origin
of the
magnetic
field.
 The occurrence of magnetic reversals
can be explained through the magnetic
patterns in magnetic rocks, especially
those found in the ocean floor.
• When lava solidifies, iron bearing
minerals crystallize.
• As these crystallize, the minerals
behave like tiny compasses and
align with the earth’s magnetic
field.
• When magnetic reversal occurs,
there is also a change in the polarity
of the rocks.
• Over the past 10 MY, there has been
an average of 4 to 5 reversals per
MY.
Normal (+) and reversed (-) magnetization of the seafloor about the mid-ocean ridge.
 The further from the ridge the ocean
floor is, the older it is.
 The oldest ocean floor is in trenches.
The stripes represent
the rocks with normal
and reverse polarities.
 The middle slit represents
the mid-ocean ridge where
the actual seafloor -
spreading occurs.
The mid-ocean ridge serves
as the origin of lithospheric
movement. It is the place
where the force that pushes
the lithosphere originates.
Hot, less dense material below the
Earth’s crust rises towards the
mid-ocean ridge. As this material
flows sideways, it creates a crack
in the crust where magma will flow
out. This magma cools down and
becomes the new seafloor.
originates.
 The side slits serve as
subduction zone where the
old seafloor plunges beneath
another tectonic plate.
 The Earth is not getting larger
or smaller. If there is the
production of a new seafloor in
the mid-ocean ridge, there is a
destruction of an old seafloor at
subduction zones.