HOW

SOCIETY IS
ORGANIZED
OBJECTIVES:
1. Understand and discuss
the composition of society
based on the groups that
compose it;
2. Identify and define the
different types of groups in
NO MAN IS AN
ISLAND
 Humans always move and
live in groups since ancient
times.
Humans bond and survive
together
 What drives us to organize
society?
Is it due to our instinct to
survive? Or is it our nature
to build & destroy cities,
civilizations, cultures & then
build again?
ACTIVITY NO. 1:
“Name that Picture”
(GROUP/ NO GROUP)
CROWD AT MRT STATION
FAMILY
EDSA PEOPLE POWER REV.
MALL GOERS
PEOPLE AT CHURCH
CLOSE FRIENDS
RESPECT
FOR
ELDERS
 ANALYSIS:
• What are the things or aspects you
consider in identifying social groups?
• Do you consider yourself as part of a
social group?
•How does it feel being one of the
members of a group?
• What makes a social group?
 WHY THERE IS A NEED FOR
SOCIAL GROUP? DO WE REALLY
DEPEND ON IT?
• Everyone wants a sense of
belonging
• Man is by nature a social being and
he interacts with others… (Aristotle)
• As members, we think of ourselves
as a special “WE”
 GROUPS:
Smaller units that compose
a society;
Unit of interacting
personalities with an
interdependence of roles and
 IMPORTANCE OF GROUPS:
1. Transmitter of culture
2. Means of social control
3. Socializes the individual
4. Sources of ideas
5. Trains the individual in
communication
 SOCIAL
GROUP
Is two or more people who
identify with and interact with
one another (Macionis, 2012).
 SOCIAL
GROUP

• It is where human beings come together

in couples, families, circles of friends,
churches, clubs, businesses,
 SOCIAL
GROUP

• Whatever the form, it is made up of

people with shared experiences,
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOCIAL GROUP
• Group members
interact on a
fairly regular
basis through
communication.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOCIAL GROUP
• Members should
develop a structure
where each member
assumes a specific
status and adopts
a particular role.
 Certain orderly
procedures
and values
are agreed
upon.

CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOCIAL GROUP
 The
members of
the group feel
a sense of
identity.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOCIAL GROUP
NOT EVERY COLLECTION OF
INDIVIDUALS FORMS A
GROUP…
SOCIAL CATEGORY
(people with a status in common )
shared social characteristic, like
gender, race, ethnicity,
nationality, age, class, etc.
 SOCIAL CATEGORY
(people with a status in common )
women, homeowners,
soldiers, skilled
workers,
professionals,
millionaires, college
graduates, and
Roman Catholics
NOT EVERY COLLECTION OF
INDIVIDUALS FORMS A
GROUP…
CROWD – loosely formed
collection of people in one place
(e.g. students sitting in a large
stadium with interaction at a
limited extent).
EDSA PEOPLE POWER REV.
PEOPLE AT CHURCH
 SOCIAL AGGREGATE
A social aggregate is a collection of
people who are in the same place at the
same time, but who otherwise do not
necessarily have anything in common,
and who may not interact with each
other.
 SOCIAL AGGREGATE
EXAMPLES:
•when we walk down a crowded sidewalk,
eat in a restaurant,
•ride public transit with other passengers,
and shop in stores
 FACTORS THAT
INFLUENCE GROUPS
-Motivational base shared by individual
- Size of group
- Type of group goals
- Kind of group structure
 SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION
is a process of bringing
order and significance
into human social life.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION
 1. Differentiation in
statuses and roles on
the basis of sex, age
and ability.
2. Repeated activities and
behavior.
3. A system of norms and
values govern the social
activities.
4.Control: some person
control the behavior of
others, and a system of
sanctions maintain orderly
behavior.
 SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
The organized set of social
institutions and patterns of
institutionalized relationships
that together compose society.
 SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
The organized set of social
institutions and patterns of
institutionalized relationships
that together compose society.
GROUPS WITHIN
GROUPS ACCORDING
TO TIES
 1. PRIMARY GROUP
 Small, intimate and less specialized group.
It is joined by primary relationships where
people:
spend a great deal of time together,
engage in a wide range of activities
they feel that they know one another
pretty well.
 1. PRIMARY GROUP
• The first group we experience in life
• Members are bound to others by emotion and
loyalty.
Share personal and long lasting relationships

Examples: Families, Factions, Play

Groups, Friendship Groups
2. SECONDARY GROUP
A large and impersonal social
group whose members pursue a
specific goal or activity.

Examples: Industrial Workers;

business associates, Faculty Staff,
 2. SECONDARY GROUP
•Involve weak emotional ties
and little personal knowledge of
one another.
• It includes many more people
(the reason why one another
couldn’t have a lasting
 2. SECONDARY GROUP
• It exist for only a short time,
beginning and ending without
particular significance
(e.g. students enrolled in the same course
at a university who may not see one
another after the semester ends)
 PRIMARY GROUP SECONDARY GROUP
Intimate, personal & Impersonal, formal,
informal relationships distant relationships
Long term, sometimes Short term or
life long temporary
We develop our self- We meet our life long
identity or who we are partners through
these
Family members, Work, school,
close friends associations, etc
3. INTERMEDIATE GROUP

A cross between primary

and secondary groups.
 3. INTERMEDIATE GROUP
It is a group that is large
scale yet applies familial
relationship with
members.
How television companies
package their TV stations.
3. INTERMEDIATE GROUP
Example:
A family where members are
separated because of work,
residence, and circumstances.
ACCORDING TO SELF-
IDENTIFICATION
 1. IN-GROUPS
A member can identify
him/herself within that
group & which individuals
feel at home.
 1. IN-GROUPS
Indicator: Distinct yet Abstract
ethnicity, race, faith and ideology.
common interests, pastime or
hobbies- playing chess, cooking,
backpacking, gardening etc.
 1. IN-GROUPS
very specific:
being students of one school,
citizens of a country, employees of
a company etc.
 2. OUT-GROUPS
A social unit to which individuals do
not belong due to differences in
social categories and with which
they do not identify.
 2. OUT-GROUPS
EXAMPLE:
The Lasallians are Lasallians because
they are not Ateneans.
I play chess intensely that I do not hang-
out with basketball players.
 3. REFERENCE GROUPS
Groups to which we consciously
or unconsciously refer when we
evaluate our life situations and
behavior but to which we do not
necessarily belong.
 3. REFERENCE GROUPS
The group is used to determine
the reference point in so far as
the kind of expected
behaviour or norm one should
act or manifest.
 3. REFERENCE GROUPS
A person can have multiple
reference groups.
It can be used as basis for
what someone aspires to be- role
model.
 3. REFERENCE GROUPS
Has great influence in the
way we create our own
identities, the groups we form
& aspire us to be what we
want.
 4. NETWORK
a series or web of social
ties involving people or
groups of individuals
connected to each other.
 4. NETWORK
EXAMPLES:
Connected through friendship,
family, business relationship,
academic institutions, religious
organizations.
FUNCTIONS OF
SOCIAL
NETWORKS
 1.
DIFFUSION
In networks information
travel fast like gossips
and other breaking
news.
 2.
EXCHANGE
Information exchange ,
material exchange like in
multilevel marketing.
 3. SOCIAL
SUPPORT
Referral system works well in
networks in locating someone,
finding a job, seeking advice &
forming support groups.
 4. EXCLUSION
Those outside the network
are excluded from the
benefits, support system &
information shared within
the network.
ACCORDING TO
PURPOSE
 1. SPECIAL INTEREST
GROUPS
Groups which are organized
to meet the specific interest
of the members
 2. TASK GROUPS
Groups assigned to
accomplished jobs which
cannot be done by one
person
3. INFLUENCE/PRESSURE
GROUPS
Groups organized to
support or influence
social actions.
ACCORDING TO FORM
OF ORGANIZATION
 1. FORMAL GROUPS
•Social organization
•Their goals are clearly stated & the division
of labor is based on member’s ability or
merit
•Deliberately formed & their purpose &
objectives are defined
 2. BUREAUCRACY
•An administrative structure
which is aimed to enable
members to meet their goals;
•A hierarchical arrangement in
large scale
 2. BUREAUCRACY
•Formal organizations in which parts are
ordered in the manner of a pyramid
based on a division of function and
authority
•Formal, rationally organized social
structure
 3. INFORMAL
GROUPS
Arises spontaneously out of
interactions of two or more
persons;
It is unplanned
 3. INFORMAL
GROUPS
Has no explicit rules &
objectives
Has characteristics of primary
groups & members are bound
by emotion & sentiments
 FAMILY,
KINSHIP &
MARRIAGE
 OBJECTIVES:
-Explain the function of the family
- Define kinship, marriage and
household
- Enumerate and explain the
different forms of kinship by blood,
kinship by marriage and kinship by
rituals
WHAT IS YOUR
OWN IDEA OF A
FAMILY?
WHAT IS YOUR
IDEAL
MARRIAGE?
FAMIL
Y
 • FAMILY
Is defined as a type of social
institution that unites people
by blood, kinship or
alliance into one group
within a society.
 FAMILY
A typical family would
consists of the parents &
their children living in the
same residence.
 GEORGE PETER
MURDOC
Family is a social group that has
the following characteristics:
1.Share common residence
2. Presence of economic
cooperation
3. Includes adults of both sexes,
wherein at least two of whom
uphold a socially approved form
of sexual relationship.
5. Responsible for the
socialization of infants and
children.
 KINGSLEY DAVIS
Family is a group of individuals
wherein the relationship is
based on consanguinity and
kinship.
 TALCOTT PARSONS
Family is a factory that
develops and produces
human personalities.
 BRONISLOW
NALINOWSKI
Family is an institution that
passes down the cultural
traditions of a society to the
next generations.
TYPES OF
FAMILIES
 1. NUCLEAR
FAMILY
United Nations (UN) :
a.A married couple without
children,
b.A married couple with one
or more unmarried children,
 1. NUCLEAR
FAMILY
C. A father with one or more
unmarried children or
D. A mother with one or
more unmarried children.
 2. EXTENDED
FAMILY
Families that include the
other members of the
kinship group such as :
Uncles, grandparents,
cousins
 3. SINGLE-PARENT
FAMILY
The parent (married,
unmarried, widowed,
divorced) lives with
his/her biological or
adopted child
 4. BLENDED FAMILY
Remarried couple and
their children.
KINSH
IP
 • KINSHIP
•is one of the main organizing
principles of society
• It is one of the basic social
institutions found in every
society.
 • KINSHIP
•The most basic bonds are those
based on marriage and
reproduction. Kinship refers to
these bonds, and all other
relationships resulting from them.
 KINSHIP
BY BLOOD
1. CONSANGUINEAL
KINSHIP
This relationships
achieved by birth or
blood affinity.
 2. DESCENT
•biological relationship
between parents and
offspring.
 3. LINEAGE
the line where one’s
descent is traced.
 4.UNILINEAL
DESCENT
tracing the affiliation of
a person through descent
of only one sex,
GROUPS:
CLANS:
A link by kin with members
tracing connection through one
another even if the supposedly
ancestral union is not clear .
GROUPS:
LINAGES:
The type of link is
through
common ancestry using
both mother and father’s side of
the family.
GROUPS:
MOIETIES:
Are based on the association by
choice with an ancestral line but
the members couldn’t explain
the reason for the link.
GROUPS:
PHRATRIES:
 group of people within 
a tribe who have a 
common ancestor
5. BILATERAL
DESCENT
•some societies trace their descent
through the study of both parents
ancestors. In a biliteral descent,
kinship is traced through both
ancestral lines of the
mother and father.
6. PATRILINEAL
•Descent is identified by tracing the
ancestry of an individual by his or
her relatives from the men, sons
or fathers of the families in the
ancestry line.
7. MATRILINEAL
•Descent is identified by tracing the
affiliation of an individual by his or
her relatives from the women,
daughters or mothers of the
families in the ancestry line.
RELATIONSHIP
OF
CONSANGUINIT
Y
 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH DEGREE
DEGREE DEGREE DEGREE
PERS -Child - -Great-Great-
ON -parent Grandchildr grand great-
en children
grandchildre
-Sister -Nephew n
-Brother -Aunt -Grandniece
- -Uncle -
Grandparen -Great
t Grandnephe
grand w
parent
-First cousin
 KINSHIP
BY
MARRIAGE
 MARRIAGE
The union of a couple through legal and
socially acceptable means. Kinship by
marriage is a union of two families
where the family and relatives from both
sides are related by affinity.
 MARRIAGE
•It is a socio-sexual institution, a part of
the wider institutional complex of the
family.
•It is the center of the kinship
system.
AFFINAL KINSHIP
refers to type of relations
developed when marriage
occurs. When marriage takes
place new forms of social
relations are developed. (in-
laws)
RELATIONSHIP
OF AFFINITY
 1 ST
2 ND

DEGREE DEGREE
PERSO -spouse -brother-in-law
N -mother-in-law -sister-in-law
-father-in-law -spouse’s
-son-in-law grandparent
-daughter-in-law
-spouse’s
-stepson
-stepdaughter grandchild
-Stepmother -grandchild’s
 ENDOGAMY
The practice of marrying within a
specific ethnic group, class or social
group, rejecting others on such a basis
as being unsuitable for marriage or for
the other close relationships.
 EXOGAMOU
S
The practice of marrying outside
group, class or social group, which is
vey common in modern societies.
Means of maintaining boundaries and
creates links.
 MONOGAM
The Y
marriage of sexual
partnering practice where the
individual has only one male
of female partner or mate.
 POLYGAMY
The practice of having
more than one partner or
sexual mate.
 POLYGYNY
(a man has multiple partner)

POLYANDRY
(a woman has multiple
 SORORAL
POLYGYNY
A man marries several
sisters
 KINSHIP BY BLOOD
1.CONSANGUINEAL
2.DESCENT
3.LINAGE
4.UNILINEAL
5. GROUPS:
CLANS,LINAGE,MOIETIES,
PHRATRIES
6. BILATERAL DESCENT
7. PATRILINEAL
 KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE

1.AFFINEAL KINSHIP
A. ENDOGAMY
B. EXOGAMY
C. MONOGAMY
D. POLYGAMY
(POLYGYNY &
POLYANDRY)
ACTIVITY: TRACE IT
DOWN!!!
Trace the kinship by blood and
marriage of your own family
(PATRILINEAL OR MATRILINEAL).
Use the sample format and give
the complete name/information
of each member of the family.
 SERQMY KINSHIP &
FAMILY
CECILIA & PEDRO SERQUINA

EDITHA & ODYOK PORFIRIO

ADERES ORTIZ
AMALIA PETER
SERQUINA
SERQUINA

MARK MARA JOELA

JEREMY

DIANE DANICA DAIRA

DIANE
LIZ LYRA
LIZ LEE
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1.WHAT TYPE OF FAMILY DO

YOU THINK MOST OF THE
FILIPINO HAS? WHY?
2.HOW IMPORTANT IS MARRIAGE
TO YOU?
3.WHAT IS YOUR IDEA OF A
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

4. HOW WOULD YOU CATEGORIZE

YOUR FAMILY?WHY?
5. IF YOU BELONG TO A FAMILY THAT
HAS A BAD REPUTATION IN THE
PAST,HOW WOULD YOU PROCEED
TO LIVE BY IT IN THE PRESENT?