EXPANSION OF

ALGEBRA
 TWO-SHORT LIVED geniuses

NIELS HENRIK ABEL EVARISTE GALOIS

(1809-1829)
He found out that a general fifth
degree equation could not be
solved using the basic operations
of algebra
( 1811-1832)
His work on the solution of equations
gave rise to what would be know laster
as group theory.

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 George Peacock
Treatise on Algebra (1830)
-presented a formal, systematic approach to algebra from arithmetic symbols to a
study of mathematical structure.

Earning for himself the title “the EUCLID of ALGEBRA”

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ALGEBRA as a form of LOGIC
Augustus De Morgan
George Boole
THE NONCOMMUTATIVE ALGEBRA
OF WILLIAM ROWAN HAMILTON
WILLIAM ROMAN HAMILTON
A professor of Mathematics
-in 1833 he devised and algebra for working with number couples.
COMPLEX NUMBERS where a number of the form “a+bi”
-could be presented by the ordered couple (a,b)

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 QUATERNIONS (1843)
NOT COMMUTATIVE!
HAMILTON SYSTEM

Let: (1, 0, 0, 0) be presented by 1

(0, 1, 0, 0) by i
(0, 0, 1, 0) by j
(0, 0, 0, 1) by k
CAYLEY TABLE
• 1 i j k
1 1 i j k
i i -1 k -j
j j -k -1 i
k k j -i 1
AUSDEHNUNGSLEHRE THEORIES ON MATRIX
(THEORY OF EXTENSION) ALGEBRA
1844 1857
HERMAN ARTHUR CAYLEY
GRASSMAN
The work of these men established
the foundation for a great variety of
algebraic structures that would later be
recognized and used: groups, fields, vector
spaces etc. 9
ADDING RIGOR TO
THE CALCULUS
COURS D’ANALYSE (1821)
Augustus Louis Cauchy
he defined continuity, differentiability, the process
of convergence in terms of limits

although he composed his statement in algebraic

terms, his concepts are evident in contemporary
calculus books
 CONTRADICTIONS
and counterattacks
GEORGE
KARL
PATHOLOGICAL BERNHARD
WEIERSTRASS
FUNCTIONS REINMANN

found a continuous function produced a function that was

that had no derivatives (1874) continuous for irrational values
but discontinuous at rational
values

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 The problem was that
analyis and, indeed, all other
existing mathematics, depended
for its behavior on the
properties of real numbers,
properties that themselves were
not fully understood.

”
13
ARITHMETIZATION OF ANALYSIS
( REAL FUNCTION THEORY)
WEIERSTRASS and his followers then
worked to reorganized the foundations of the real
numbers and associate them with analysis.
 OTHER NOTEWORTHY accomplishments

GEORGE BOOLE GEORG CANTOR

Law of thought 1854 His revolutionary concept of
Formalization of logic transfinite numbers and his posing
of the continuum hypothesis.
He also founded the discipline of
set theory.
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 The study of algebra had
evolved form the mere
manipulation of symbols to a
more abstract investigation of the
laws of mathematical operations
and how they combined objects.

”
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