Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TBI HTML
TBI HTML
Diagnostic Overview
Overview & Incidence
TBI describes damage to the brain caused by a
blow to the head.
Severity of related symptoms may range from
minor to major, even death.
Estimated that 100 out of 100k in U.S. incur a
TBI each year (approx. 52k deaths)
280k per year just in the U.S.
$32 billion in hospitalization costs
$17 billion in costs associated with fatalities
Symptoms
Aphasia Anxiety or nervousness
Loss of memory Loss of inhibition
Loss of coordinated Impulsivity
motor functioning Inappropriate laughter
Slurred speech Irritability
Blurry vision Headache
Difficulty concentrating Muscle
or thinking, especially Rigidity/Spasticity
when attention is divided. Muscle Weakness
Seizures
Tingling or numbness
3 (general) Stages of Symptoms
Coma - Loss of consciousness. Post-traumatic amnesia
May display reflexes (gripping
a hand) Can be brief or last for State of acute confusion
days, weeks, or years. The Answering the same
longer a person is unconscious, question with different
the more severe the injury.
responses
Concussion - brief loss of
consciousness (seconds to Can not perform simple
minutes) with a good prognosis tasks; (reality orientation)
for recover. Losing train of thought
Staring blankly at
someone
Recovery
Start to retain current month, year, etc.
This stage can last for weeks, months, etc.
At times, behavior can become an issue as
a pt. becomes aware of his/her loss of
ability and experiences frustration and
depression
Progress made rapidly initially and then
plateaus.
Diagnosis
Glasgow Coma Scale Eye-Opening
Ranks quality of 4 - Responds
response in 3 areas: Spontaneously
Eye Opening, Best 3 - Responds to voice
Motor Response, & 2 - Responds to pain
Best Verbal Response
1 - No response
Diagnosis cont’d
Best Motor Response 2 - Decerebrate
6 - Follows commands (produces an
5 - Localizes to pain exaggerated posture
4 - Withdraws from pain of extension in
3 - Decorticate (produces response to pain)
an exaggerated posture of 1 - No response
upper extremity flexion
and lower extremity
extension in response to
pain
Diagnosis cont’d
Best Verbal Response Scores of 8 or below
5 - Oriented and conversational
indicate severe injury
4 - Disoriented and
conversational 9-12 suggest
3 - Inappropriate words moderate brain injury
2 - Incomprehensible sounds
1 - No response
13 and above indicate
mild brain injury
Diagnosis cont’d
Brain imaging techniques also used
CAT or CT (computerized axial
tomography)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Causes
MVA, bicycle, etc. - more than 50%
Falls - 25%
Violence - 20%
Men more than women
15 - 24 years old and 75+ years
Types
Blunt or penetrating Focal injury refers to
trauma an injury that is
“Closed head” injury confined to a specific
refers to injury not area of the brain
resulting from causing localized
penetration of the damage.
skull Diffuse injuries are
characterized by
damage throughout
the brain.
Types & Causes cont’d
Diffuse Axonal Injury Contusions
Results from a tearing of Bruises that cause
nerve bundles and/or swelling and bleeding
stretching of blood resulting in tissue damage
vessels. Frontal & Temporal lobes
Frontal & Temporal lobes Abnormal sensations
are most susceptible. Behavior impairment
Disorganization Problems related to vision
Impaired memory Memory impairment
Problems related to
attention
Types & Causes cont’d
Hemorrhage Hematoma (SDH)
Bleeding into brain tissue Bleeding over the
Infarction (stroke) surface of the brain
Occipital/Temporal lobes exerts pressure and
Occur when an artery is may need to be
compressed by the surgically drained
swelling of surrounding
tissues, restricting blood
flow and its essential
nutrients
Prognosis
Duration of coma More severe the
Severity of coma injury, the longer the
recovery period
immediate post-injury
Recovery from
Duration of post- diffuse damage takes
traumatic amnesia longer than from
Location and size of localized damage
injury Need for surgery does
Severity of injuries to not necessarily
other body systems indicate a worse
prognosis.
Prognosis cont’d
Initial improvement may be due to
reduction in swelling (edema)
Damaged neurons begin functioning again
Plasticity - undamaged areas of the brain
may assume the functions of nearby
damaged areas