W H AT I F I T R A N S M I T

LIGHT WITHOUT
OPTICAL FIBRE?

Powerpoint Templates
FREE SPACE OPTICS
(F.S.O.)

PRESENTED BY :- VIVEK SHRIVASTAV

BRANCH/YEAR :- E&c ENGG.,4TH YEAR
SECTION :- ‘B’
Contents :-
Introduction
Various configurations
Indoor and outdoor implementations
Various attenuation factors
Advantages and Disadvantages
Present usages of technology
future scope with technology
Conclusion
references
I N T R O D U C T\I O N : -

In F.S.O.
F I B R E R E P L A C E D B Y F R E E
S PA C E

I N F O R M AT I O N
TA R N S M I S S I O N B Y L I G H T
BEAMS THROUGH THE
AT M O S P H E R E
 ‘Ofc’ v/s ‘fso’

‘Wireless’ does not imply roaming

VA R I O U S C O N F I G . : -

Mainly Three types of configuration

is there:-
a. Line of site(LOS) config.
b. Directed-non LOS config.
Hybrid config.
c. Non Directed-non LOS
config. Diffused config.
Indoor
implementation:-
Interference:-
 Incandescent light(~2800 K) max. attenuation.
 Sunlight (~6000K)
 Florescent lamp

Attenuation :-
o Free space loss(due to beam divergence) –impo.
o Atmospheric loss (not much in indoors)

Eye safety:-most important

 should be class 1 safe(< 0.5 mW, 880 nm, LASER)
 restricts system power (though LEDs can be used at higher
powers, but Bandwidth limited)
 Outdoor
implementation :-
•Attenuation – Most Important
oAtmospheric Loss (varies with weather)
0.2 dB/km in exceptionally clear weather
300 dB/km in very dense fog
Restricts the range (~500m in most commercial systems)
May need low capacity back-up RF links
•Scintillation Noise (atmospheric turbulence
induced intensity fluctuations) – speckled pattern
•Alignment Issues – Line of sight
•Interference
Sunlight (~ 6000 K)
Various Attenuation factors :-
 Attenuation factors ….contd.

PR= PT . Areceiver . e –σ.R/(Div-range)2

PR ~ PT e –σ.R
WHERE σ IS ATTENUATION FACTOR FOR
TRANSMISSION
Free Space losses-beam divergence
Atmospheric losses exponential term– dominates
 Scattering + Absorption
Attenuation :: Scattering

Depends on particle size

 Size parameter α = 2π r/λ
 ‘ r ’ varies with atmospheric composition

r << λ => σ ~ λ-4 Rayleigh Scattering-fog

r ~ λ => σ ~ λ-1.6 to 0 Mie Scattering
r >> λ => σ ~ λ0 Geometric Scattering

Thus, larger λ => lower attenuation

Scintillation noise :-

Inhomogenities in Temp. and Pressure

Variations in Refractive Index along the

transmission path

Speckled pattern (both in time and space)

at the receiver
Advantages of FSO :-

Link capacity:-
 capable of sending up to 1.25 Gbps of
data, voice, and video communications
simultaneously through the air
 enables optical communications at the
speed of light
 full-duplex Gigabit Ethernet throughout
 WDM(wavelength division multiplexing)
leading upto 10Gbps connectivity.
Advantages …….. Contd.

•Economical :-
 Uses optical transceiver-cheaper
 No licensing for spectrum-bandwidth
allocation is free
 Requires no software upgradation –for
particular device
Immune to radio frequency
interference and saturation.
 Advantages …….. Contd.

•Simpler to install-just connecting

the to transceiver.

•High bit rates.

•low bit error rates
•Protocol transparency-using
highly directional beam.
•easy to encrypt any data travelling across
the FSO connection
Disadvantages of FSO :-
Beam dispersion-atmospheric
effect.
Atmospheric absorption
Fog -one of major cause.
Scintillation
Sun at opposite side to
receiver-swamp signals.
Shadowing .
Disadvantage…….. Contd.
Requires a compatible
area for installation.

Devices require
maintenance.
Application-FSO :-
•LAN-to-LAN connections on campuses at Fast
Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet speeds
•LAN-to-LAN connections in a city- Metropolitan
area network.
•Converged Voice-Data-Connection
•Temporary network installation (for events or
other purposes).
•Re-establish high-speed connection quickly
(disaster recovery).
Application-FSO :- ..Contd.

•For communications between spacecraft, including

elements of a satellite constellation.

•As option for intra connectivity in companies.

 Future scope of technology:-
•Deep space exploration.

•High speed switching systems.

•Analogous to satellite
communication link.

•Will reduce the effective cost of

means of communications.
Some snaps-FSO :-
Conclusions :-
Short distance connectivity.
Atmospheric condition dependency.

Higher speed and

bandwidth.
Immune to data loss.
Highly secure.
Fast temporary
installation.
Free of cost spectrum.
Every technologies have short comes
But its merits are the reason they are
being used in various technologies

“Reveals a new world to be explored”.

 References :-
1. An Introduction to Free-space Optical Communications Hennes HENNIGER1, Otakar
WILFERT2,1 Institute of Communications and Navigation, German Aerospace Center
(DLR), 82230 Wessling, Germany,2University of Technology Purkynova 118, CZ-61200
Brno, Czech Republic.
2. w w w . w i k k i p e d i a . c o m
3. w w w . f r e e s p a c e o p t i c s . c o m
4. Free-Space Optical Communications at JPL/NASA H. Hemmati.
5. Integration Scenarios for Free Space Optics in Next Generation (4G) Wireless Networks
Waqar Hameed*, S. Sheikh Muhammad** and Noor Muhammad Sheikh*.
6. Experimental Performance Study of a Very High Speed Free Space Optic Link at the
University of Beira Interior Campus: a Case Study.
7. An Intra-Chip Free-Space Optical Interconnection, Jing Xue, Alok Garg, Berkehan
Ciftcioglu, ShangWang, Jianyun Hu, Ioannis Savidis, yManish Jain,Michael Huang, Hui
Wu, Eby G. Friedman, yGary W. Wicks, yDuncan Moore.
8. Google search-images.
Thank
you
Any Querries?