Course: Unit Operations II

 Introduction
 Types of Pumps
 Working Principles of Pumps
 A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids, gases or slurries).

 It increases the mechanical energy of the fluid.

 The additional energy to the fluid can be used to increase:

 Velocity (flowrate)
 Pressure
 Elevation
 Pumps in which the energy is added to the water continuously
through the rotatory motion of blades and the water is not contained
at set volume.
 The rotodynamic pump most commonly used in water systems is the
Centrifugal pump.
 Works on the principle of the centrifugal force. This is the force that pushes the
fluid away from the center.
 It converts mechanical energy into fluid energy through the impeller
 It converts Kinetic energy into pressure energy through the volute casing
 Shaft- it transmits power and supports the impeller and other rotating parts.
 Impeller- This has vanes that pushes the liquid through the impeller. It transmits
energy into the fluid (hydraulic energy).
 Volute/Casing: Impellers are fitted inside the casing. The casing is curved shaped.
It reduces the velocity of the liquid and increases the pressure
 Centrifugal pumps have a rotating impeller, also known as a blade, that is immersed in
the liquid.
 Liquid enters the pump near the axis of the impeller, and the rotating impeller sweeps
the liquid out toward the ends of the impeller blades at high pressure
 Displacement- Pumps in which the energy is added to the water
periodically and the water is contained in a set volume.
 It has an expanding cavity on the suction side of the pump and a
decreasing cavity on the discharge side.
 Liquid is allowed to flow into the pump as the cavity on the suction
side expands and the liquid is forced out at the discharge end.
 The most commonly used positive displacement pump is the
diaphragm pump used to pump chlorine and fluoride solutions
 They are divided into two categories: rotary and reciprocating
 Rotary pumps are normally limited to services in which the fluid viscosity is very
high or the flow rate too small to be handled economically by other pumps.
 Rotary pumps are commonly used to circulate lube oils through engines, turbines,
reduction gears, and process-machinery bearings.
 Rotary pumps displace a fixed quantity of fluid for every revolution of the driver
shaft.
 They have different pumping elements such as vanes, lobes, gears, and screws..
 Screw pumps can be single-rotor (progressive cavity) or multiple-rotor (intermeshing)
design.
 Screw pumps are relatively high-speed pumps but, because of the reversal of flow
required to enter the suction passage, NPSH can often be a problem.
 They are used for high-head applications; they are the most common rotary-pump type in
use in producing operations.
 Lobe pumps operate in the same manner as gear pumps except the rotating
elements have two, three, or four lobes instead of gear teeth. Lobes cannot drive
each other, so timing gears are used.

 The lobes never come into contact with each other so the pump can be allowed to
run dry.
 Reciprocating pumps move liquid by means of a constant back-and-forth motion of
a piston, plunger, or diaphragm within a fixed volume or cylinder.
 They can handle viscous and abrasive fluids.
 They are low-speed machines when compared with centrifugal and rotary pumps.
 They offer higher efficiencies, generally 85 to 94%, thus they require less
horsepower.
 Reciprocating pumps are best suited for high-pressure and low-volume
applications.
 Its principle of operation is similar to plunger and piston pumps except that, instead of a
plunger or piston, there is a flexible pulsating diaphragm that displaces the liquid.

 Varying power-fluid pressure on one side of the diaphragm causes the diaphragm to deflect
alternatively drawing liquid into the pump-side chamber or discharging the liquid from the
pump-side chamber