POLYNOMIALS

AND
POLYNOMIAL
EQUATION 10-GENESIS
B A G AY, D A H A N , TA L E N T O
DIVISION OF
POLYNOMIALS
POLYNOMIAL
 A mathematical expression of
one or more algebraic terms each of
which consists of a constant
multiplied by one or more variables
raised to a nonnegative integral
power
( such as ax^2+bx+c )
WHICH IS POLYNOMIAL AND WHICH IS
NOT ?
A B

1. 2x+1 2
+1
−3 2 𝑋
2. 𝑥 + 2𝑥 −7 3
1 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 -7
3
3. 2 𝑥 - 3 𝑥 + x - 4
2
2 𝑥3 - 3 𝑥2 + x - 4
A POLYNOMIAL ........
There is no exponent that is fraction
No negative exponent
No variables in denominator
 DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
A polynomial expression p(x) is an expression of the form
𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 + . . . . + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎 ,𝒂𝒏 ≠ 0
Where the nonnegative integer n is called the degree of the
polynomial and coefficient 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 . . . . 𝑎𝑛 are real numbers.

The terms of polynomial may written in any order.

However we often follow the convention of writing terms the
terms in decreasing powers of the variable X. In this case, the
polynomial expression is said to be in standard form.
A polynomial of degree n in x is an algebraic expression that contains
a specific number of terms each of which is of the form 𝒶𝑥 𝑛 , where
a is a real number and n is a whole number.

A polynomial with one term is called a monomial. A polynomial with

two terms is called binomial. A polynomial with three terms is called
trinomial.

The degree of a term in a polynomial in X refers to the exponent x.

For the instance , in the polynomial 3𝑥 5 - 4 𝑥 2 + 6, the degree of the
first term is 5, the degree of the second term is 2, and the degree of
the third term is 0.
 LONG DIVISION METHOD OF
POLYNOMIAL
REMEMBER !
Degree of polynomial must be in descending order
 Write the divisor on the left side.
 Put 0 in the missing degree.
EXAMPLE
DIVISION ALGORITHM
P(X) R(X)
 =Q(X)+
D(X) D(X)
R(X)
 P(X)=Q(X)+D(X)+
D(X)
 SYNTHETIC DIVISION
𝑃(𝑋)
If P(X) and D(X) are polynomials with D(X) ≠0 we can write =
𝐷(𝑋)
𝑅(𝑋)
Q(X)+ or P(X) D(X) + R(X),
𝐷(𝑋)
Where R(x) is either 0 or its degree is less than the degree of D(x). IF
R(x)=0, then we say that D(x) is a factor of P(x)

There is shorter procedure when a polynomial is to be divided by

binomial of the term (x-r). This method is called synthetic division. This
procedure, we write only the coefficients multiply leading coefficient with
r right the product in 2 row and 2nd column then add.
STEPS FOR SYNTHETIC DIVISION
 THE REMA IND ER
THEOREM
AND
FACTOR THEOREM
PROVING THE REMAINDER THEOREM
Suppose that the polynomial P(x) is divided by (x-r), as follows:
𝐏(𝐗) 𝐑(𝐗)
(𝐱−𝐫)
=Q(X)+
(𝐱−𝐫)

If P(x) is of degree n, then Q(x) is of degree of n -1. The

remainder R is a constant because the degree of x-r is 1, so the
degree of the remainder has to be less than 1, making it 0.
 STATEMENT REASON

1. P(x) = (x-r) * Q(x) + R GIVEN POLYNOMIAL P(x)

2. P(r) = (r-r)* Q(r) + R Substitute all X with r

3. P(r) = (0) * Q(r) + R r-r = 0

4. P(r)= R Multiplication by zero

 If the polynomial P(x) is
divided by (x-r), the
remainder R is a constant
and is equal to P(r). THE
REMAINDER
R = P(r) THEOREM
THUS, THERE ARE TWO WAYS TO FIND
THE REMAINDER WHEN P(X) IS DIVIDED
BY (X-R), THAT IS :
 Use synthetic division
 Calculate P(r)
Similarly, there are two ways to find the value of
P(r):
 Substitute r in the polynomial expression P(x), or
 Use synthetic division
 SOMETIMES, THE REMAINDER WHEN
P(x) IS DIVIDED BY (x-r) IS 0. THIS MEANS
THAT x-r IS A FACTOR OF P(x) .
EQUIVALENTLY, P(r) = 0.

This idea is illustrated by the FACTOR

THEOREM
The polynomial P(x)
has x-r as a factor if THE
and only if P(r) = 0 FACTOR
THEOREM
PROOF: THERE ARE TWO PARTS OF THE
PROOF OF THE THEOREM, NAMELY:

Given a polynomial P(x):

1. If (x-r) is a factor of P(x), then P(r) = 0

2. If P(r) = 0, then (x-r) is a factor of P(x)
0
P(r) = 0

P(r) = 0
 SUMMARY/ SYNTHESIS/
GENERALIZATION
This lesson involved the Remainder and Factor
Theorem and their applications.You learned how to:
 Find the remainder using synthetic division or the
Remainder theorem;
 Evaluate polynomials using substitution or synthetic
division; and
 Determine whether (x-r) is a factor of a given polynomial.
THANK YOU