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Dr. Ammar Mushtaq
Dr. Ammar Mushtaq
Ammar Mushtaq
ammar.mushtaq@rcms.nust.edu.pk
Research Centre for Modeling and Simulation
National University of Sciences and Technology
Ammar Mushtaq
MOTIVATION
o Many industrial processes involve flows over
moving plates or belts such as
o Fabrication of adhesive tapes, wire drawing,
production of plastic sheets, paper
production and polymer extrusions etc
o In all of these cases, final product is highly
dependent upon the heat transfer rate and
the skin friction coefficient at bounding
surface
Ammar Mushtaq
VISCOSITY
“A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously under the action of shearing forces”
𝛿𝑢𝛿𝑡
tan 𝛿𝜃 =
𝛿𝑦
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑢
𝜏∝ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦
Ammar Mushtaq
VISCOSITY (cont.)
Newtonian Fluids (Water, Air, Gasoline)
Newtonian Fluids
𝒅𝒖
𝝉= 𝝁 (Beach sand,
𝒅𝒚 Starch in water)
Shear Thickening
Non-Newtonian Fluids
𝒏
𝒅𝒖
𝝉= 𝝁
𝒅𝒚 (Soap, Paints, Milk, Cement)
Shear Thinning
o Pseudo Plastic (Shear Thinning) (Toothpaste)
Viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases Bingham Plastic
o Dilatant (Shear Thickening)
Viscosity increases as the shear rate increases
o Thixotropic
Viscosity decreases with time for which stress is applied
o Rheopectic
Viscosity increases with time for which stress is applied
o Viscoelastic
The fluids which return back to their original shape when the stress is released
John F. Douglas, “Fluid Mechanics” fifth edition Pearson Education 2005
Ammar Mushtaq
BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY
Ammar Mushtaq
BOUNDARY LAYER THICKNESS
Ammar Mushtaq 6
DISPLACEMENT THICKNESS
Ammar Mushtaq 7
BL Thicknesses
Ammar Mushtaq 8
Flow Separation
Ammar Mushtaq 9
BOUNDARY LAYER
Ammar Mushtaq 10