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Atoms
Atoms
Atoms
OBJECTIVES
Illustrate covalent bonding in compounds
Identify the molecular shape of compounds
Determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER
COVALENT OR IONIC?
1. KCl
2. PCl3
3. NaF
4. SF6
5. MgS
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER
COVALENT BONDING
A covalent bond is a bond that results
from the sharing of electrons between
atoms.
Examples
PCl3
Illustrate the
covalent bonding
Cl2
in the following H2O
compounds HCl
NH3
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
Molecular geometry refers to the arrangement
of the atoms in a molecule.
POLARITY OF BONDS
Non-polar bonds are Polar bonds are bonds with
bonds with same different electronegativities,
electronegativity, thus, have thus, unequal sharing of
equal sharing of bonding bonding electron pairs.
electron pairs.
How to determine the polarity of bonds?
Non-polar Polar
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER
POLARITY OF MOLECULES
The polarity of molecules are determined by: (1) the
molecular shape and; (2) the difference between the
electronegativity of the atoms forming the bond
How to determine the polarity of molecules?
Determine whether the chemical bond Examples:
1 has/have lone pairs.
BeCl2
NF3
2 If there is no lone pair, the bond is a non-
polar bond. If there is lone pair, the bond
PF5
is a polar bond. H2O
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER
POLARITY OF MOLECULES
The polarity of molecules are determined by: (1) the
molecular shape and; (2) the difference between the
electronegativity of the atoms forming the bond
How to determine the polarity of molecules?
Determine the symmetry of the Examples:
3 molecule. BeCl2
If the molecule has symmetrical
arrangement, it is non-polar. NF3
If the arrangement is asymmetrical, PF5
the molecule is polar. H2O
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER
SO2
CCl4
OBr6
NH3
IF5
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER
POLARITY OF BONDS
Non-polar bonds are Polar bonds are bonds with
bonds with same EN= <.5 nonpolar
different electronegativities,
electronegativity,EN= .5-2.0thus,
thus, have polarunequal sharing of
equal sharing ofEN= > 2.0bonding
bonding ionic electron pairs.
electron pairs.
How to determine the polarity of bonds?
Compare the Ex: Cl2 Ex: HCl
electronegativities EN of Cl = 3.0 EN of H = 2.1
of the atoms 3.0 = 3.0 EN of Cl = 3.0
forming the bond Non-polar 2.1 ≠ 3.0 Polar
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER
Electronegativity
Electronegativity refers to the ability of an atom
to attract electrons.
In the periodic
table,
electronegativity
increases from
left to right, and
from bottom to
top.
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER
CO2
BrCl5
OF2
NH3
SiH4
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER
INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES
Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms
together within a molecule.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are forces of attraction that
exist between molecules in a compound. They
determine the physical properties of the compound.
Types of Intermolecular Forces
London Dispersion Dipole-dipole Hydrogen Bond
Forces Interaction exists in molecules
present in nonpolar occurs in polar containing H
molecules covalent molecules bonded to a highly
stronger when
Ex: HCl, NH3, electronegative
atoms are bigger
CHCl3 atom
Ex: noble gases, O2,
N2, F2 Ex: H2O, HF, HCl
PROPERTIES & STRUCTURE OF MATTER