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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of The Atom: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 1
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of The Atom: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 1
Nivaldo Tro
Chapter 7
The Quantum-
Mechanical
Model of the
Atom
Roy Kennedy
Massachusetts Bay Community College
Wellesley Hills, MA
2007, Prentice Hall
The Behavior of the Very Small
• electrons are incredibly small
a single speck of dust has more electrons than the
number of people who have ever lived on earth
• electron behavior determines much of the
behavior of atoms
• directly observing electrons in the atom is
impossible, the electron is so small that
observing it changes its behavior
7 1 nm
6.49 10 m 9 6.49 102 nm
10 m
Check: the unit is correct, the wavelength is appropriate
for red light
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 11
Practice – Calculate the wavelength of a radio
signal with a frequency of 100.7 MHz
15
Electromagnetic Spectrum
E photon
hc
6.626 1034 J s 3.00 108 m s -1 5.8985 10 19
J
l 7
3.37 10 m 3.83 10 3 J
number of photons
10 J 3
5.8985 10 3 J
3.83 mJ 3.83 10 3 J
1 mJ 6.49 1015 photons
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 30
Practice – What is the frequency of radiation
required to supply 1.0 x 102 J of energy from
8.5 x 1027 photons?
n
E photon
1.176 10 1.8 10
26
J 7 -1
s
34
h 6.626 10 Js
Hg He H
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 36
Examples of Spectra
Oxygen spectrum
Neon spectrum
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 37
Identifying Elements with
Flame Tests
Na K Li Ba
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 38
Emission vs. Absorption Spectra
Spectra of Mercury
l m
h
kg m 2
s2
mass (kg) velocity (m s -1 )
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 42
Electron Diffraction
2.74 1010 m
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 44
Practice - Determine the wavelength of a neutron
traveling at 1.00 x 102 m/s
(Massneutron = 1.675 x 10-24 g)
3.96 10 9 m
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 46
Complimentary Properties
• when you try to observe the wave nature of the
electron, you cannot observe its particle nature –
and visa versa
wave nature = interference pattern
particle nature = position, which slit it is passing
through
• the wave and particle nature of nature of the
electron are complimentary properties
as you know more about one you know less about
the other
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 47
h 1
Uncertainty Principle Dx Dv
4 m
• Heisenberg stated that the product of the uncertainties
in both the position and speed of a particle was
inversely proportional to its mass
x = position, Dx = uncertainty in position
v = velocity, Dv = uncertainty in velocity
m = mass
• the means that the more accurately you know the
position of a small particle, like an electron, the less
you know about its speed
and visa-versa
any experiment
designed to observe the
electron results in
detection of a single
electron particle and no
interference pattern
51
Electron Energy Ηψ Eψ
• electron energy and position are complimentary
because KE = ½mv2
• for an electron with a given energy, the best we can
do is describe a region in the atom of high probability
of finding it – called an orbital
a probability distribution map of a region where the
electron is likely to be found
distance vs. y2
• many of the properties of atoms are related to the
energies of the electrons
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 52
Wave Function, y
• calculations show that the size, shape and
orientation in space of an orbital are determined
be three integer terms in the wave function
added to quantize the energy of the electron
• these integers are called quantum numbers
principal quantum number, n
angular momentum quantum number, l
magnetic quantum number, ml
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 53
Principal Quantum Number, n
• characterizes the energy of the electron in a particular
orbital
corresponds to Bohr’s energy level
• n can be any integer 1
• the larger the value of n, the more energy the orbital has
• energies are defined as being negative
an electron would have E = 0 when it just escapes the atom
• the larger the value of n, the larger the orbital
• as n gets larger, the amount of energy between orbitals
gets smaller
1
E n -2.1810 -18
J 2 for an electron in H
n
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 54
Principal Energy Levels in Hydrogen
56
Predicting the Spectrum of Hydrogen
• the wavelengths of lines in the emission spectrum of
hydrogen can be predicted by calculating the
difference in energy between any two states
• for an electron in energy state n, there are (n – 1)
energy states it can transition to, therefore (n – 1) lines
it can generate
• both the Bohr and Quantum Mechanical Models can
predict these lines very accurately
E photonreleased DE hydrogenelectron E final E initial
hc 1 1
18 2.18 10 J
hn 2.18 10 J 18
l n final
2 n 2
initial
Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 57
Hydrogen Energy Transitions
58
Example 7.7- Calculate the wavelength of light emitted when
the hydrogen electron transitions from n = 6 to n = 5
Given: ni = 6, nf = 5
Find: l, m
Concept Plan: n , n DEatom Ephoton l
i f
1 h c
E R H 2 DEatom = -Ephoton l
n E
Relationships: E=hc/l, En = -2.18 x 10-18 J (1/n2)
Solve: DE 18 1 1 20
atom 2.18 10 J 2 2
2.66 44 10 J
5 6
Ephoton = -(-2.6644 x 10-20 J)
= 2.6644 x 10-20 J
hc 6.626 10
l
3.00 10
34
Js
7.46 10
8 m
6
2.6644 10
s
-20
m
E J
62
Probability Density Function
67
l = 1, p orbitals
• each principal energy state above n = 1 has 3 p orbitals
ml = -1, 0, +1
• each of the 3 orbitals point along a different axis
px, py, pz
• 2nd lowest energy orbitals in a principal energy state
• two-lobed
• node at the nucleus, total of n nodes