the Black Arts:

Materials and Process Selection

and Stealth Technology

Radar & Sonar Principles

Submarine Applications
Warplane Applications
Natural Cognates?
 Radar/Sonar Principles

EM wave emission

Reflection
Refraction
Signal processing
 Characteristics of Radar-
Absorbing Materials (RAMs)
Minimize reflectivity
Dissipate RF energy
Convert radio
frequency to heat
Dielectric and/or
magnetic
Submarine Design and Reqs
Hull must withstand millions of
tons of pressure
Round cross-section
does not optimize stealth characteristics
distributes load evenly

High strength
High damping
Materials for Submarine

High-strength
steel alloy
Titanium
 Processes for
Submarine Manufacture
Hot Isostatic Pressing, Large Scale
 Mass up to 1000 kg
 Section thickness to 1 m
 Tolerance < 1 mm
 Economic Batch Size:
1 – 10 000
More Specifics of RAMs
and Their EM Aspects
How to get EM
into RAM?
How to absorb
EM energy in
RAM?
Warplane RAM Reqs.
High dissipation
Thin
Light
Cheap
Warplane Design
Flat external surfaces
Curved internal surfaces
Anticipate threat direction
Materials for Warplane RAMs

Carbonyl Fe
Ferrites (oxides)
Set in matrix, often
doped with carbon
Composites
 Processes for
Warplane Manufacture

Sintering
Embedding
Adhering
 Application of RAMs
in Actuality
 Potential use as structural material
 Not applicable for most efficient
warplanes
 Circumstance-dependent flaws
 Natural Cognates? – a
tangent
Echolocation
≈ Sonar
Speculation: Vanguard submarine
evolution of
natural stealth
characteristics

Orca
 Bibliography
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www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=82>.
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<http://science.howstuffworks.com/radar2.htm>.
 CES EduPack 2006. Software. Cambridge: Granta Design, 2006.
 “Confronting the Antenna Challenges in Today’s Military Applications.” Presented by Emerson and Cuming
Microwave Products. Accessed 16 Apr 07. <http://www.eccosorb.com/technotes/Military_White_Paper.pdf
>.
 <http://www.eccosorb.com/military.asp>.
 Emerson and Cuming Microwave Products: Military Market. 5 Apr 07. Accessed 16 Apr 07.
 Knott, Eugene F.; Shaeffer, John F.; Tuley, Michael T. Radar Cross Section (2nd Edition). SciTech
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2001. 2004. Accessed 16 Apr 07. <http://books.google.com/books?
id=K1CGQvsUdlEC&dq=submarine+hull+sonar+titanium+steel>.
 “Run Silent, Run Deep.” Presented by Federation of American Scientists: Military Analysis Network.
Accessed 16 Apr 07. <http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/deep.htm>.
 “SSN Seawolf-Class Attack Submarine, USA.” 2007. Accesse 16 Apr 07. <http://www.naval-
technology.com/projects/seawolf/>.
 Yue, Tao. “Scouting for Surveillance.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology Tech Magazine. 30 Nov 01.
Accessed 16 Apr 07. <http://www-tech.mit.edu/V121/N63/Stealth.63f.html>.