Energy and Energy

Transfer
Work Done by a Constant Force

• The work W done on a system by an agent exerting a constant force

on the system is the product of the magnitude F of the force, the
magnitude Δr of the displacement of the point of application of the
force, and cos θ, where θ is the angle between the force and
displacement vectors:
DID HE DO ANY WORK?
Which Path Requires the Most Energy?
Work Done by a Spring

The force exerted by a spring on a

block varies with the block’s position x
relative to the equilibrium position x = 0.
– When x is positive (stretched spring), the
spring force is directed to the left.
– When x is zero (natural length of the
spring), the spring force is zero.
– When x is negative (compressed spring),
the spring force is directed to the right.
– Graph of Fs versus x for the block–spring system. The work done
by the spring force as the block moves from -xmax to 0 is the area
of the shaded triangle.
– A block being pulled from xi = 0 to xf = xmax on a frictionless
surface by a force Fapp. If the process is carried out very slowly,
the applied force is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
to the spring force at all times.
 example
• A common technique used to measure the force constant of a spring is
demonstrated by the setup in figure. The spring is hung vertically, and an
object of mass m is attached to its lower end. Under the action of the
“load” mg, the spring stretches a distance d from its equilibrium position.
– If a spring is stretched 2.0 cm by a suspended object having a mass of 0.55 kg, what
is the force constant of the spring?
– How much work is done by the spring as it stretches through this distance?
– Suppose this measurement is made on an elevator with an upward vertical
acceleration a. Will the unaware experimenter arrive at the same value of the spring
constant?
Kinetic Energy and the Work–
Kinetic Energy Theorem

• An object undergoing a displacement Δr = Δx and a change in

velocity under the action of a constant net force ΣF.
• In the case in which work is done on a system and the only change in
the system is in its speed, the work done by the net force equals the
change in kinetic energy of the system.
The Nonisolated System—
Conservation of Energy

• we can neither create nor destroy energy—energy is always

conserved. Thus, if the total amount of energy in a system changes,
it can only be due to the fact that energy has crossed the boundary
of the system by a transfer mechanism
Situations Involving Kinetic Friction

• the result of a friction force is to transform kinetic energy into internal

energy, and the increase in internal energy is equal to the decrease
in kinetic energy.
Potential
Energy

12
Potential Energy of a System

• The work done by an external agent on

the system of the book and the Earth
as the book is lifted from a height ya to
a height yb is equal to mgyb - mgya.
• we can identify the quantity mgy as the
gravitational potential energy Ug :

13
The Isolated System–Conservation
of Mechanical Energy
• The mechanical energy of an isolated, friction-free system is
conserved.

14
Energy Transformation on a Roller Coaster

15
example
• A pendulum consists of a sphere of mass m attached to a light cord
of length L, as shown in figure. The sphere is released from rest at
point A when the cord makes an angle θA with the vertical, and the
pivot at P is frictionless.(225)
– Find the speed of the sphere when it is at the lowest point B
– What is the tension TB in the cord at B?

16
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
• Conservative forces have these two equivalent properties:
– The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving between any two
points is independent of the path taken by the particle.
– The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving through any
closed path is zero. (A closed path is one in which the beginning and end
points are identical.)
• Nonconservative Forces, a force is nonconservative if it does not
satisfy properties 1 and 2 for conservative forces.

17
Changes in Mechanical Energy
for Nonconservative Forces
• Change in mechanical energy of a system due to friction within the
system

18
quiz
• A skier starts from rest at the top of a frictionless incline of height
20.0 m, as shown in figure. At the bottom of the incline, she
encounters a horizontal surface where the coefficient of kinetic
friction between the skis and the snow is 0.210. How far does she
travel on the horizontal surface before coming to rest, if she simply
coasts to a stop?

19
• A bead slides without friction around a loop-the-loop. The bead is
released from a height h = 3.50R.
– What is its speed at point A?
– How large is the normal force on it if its mass is 5.00 g?

20
 Power

• The time rate of energy transfer dW

P
dt

• The SI unit of power is joules per second ( J/s),

also called the watt (W) (after James Watt):

1 W =1 J/s = 1 kg.m2/s3

• A unit of power in the U.S. customary system is the horsepower (hp):

1 hp = 746 W
example
• An elevator car has a mass of 1 600 kg and is carrying passengers
having a combined mass of 200 kg. A constant friction force of 4 000
N retards its motion upward, as shown in figure.
– What power delivered by the motor is required to lift the elevator car at a
constant speed of 3.00 m/s?
– What power must the motor deliver at the instant the speed of the elevator is v
if the motor is designed to provide the elevator car with an upward acceleration
of 1.00 m/s2?
• Consider a car of mass m that is accelerating up a hill, as shown in
figure. An automotive engineer measures the magnitude of the total
resistive force to be
f = (218 + 0,70 v2) N
where v is the speed in meters per second. Determine the power the
engine must deliver to the wheels as a function of speed.