AC AND DC MACHINERY

Rotating Electrical Machines are machines that are widely used for the purpose of energy from one
form to another.
TWO MOST FREQUENTLY USEDTYPES
1. Generator- are electrical machines that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
2. Motor- are electrical machines that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy

Figure 2. MOTOR

Figure 1. GENERATOR
TWO OTHER TYPES OF ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES
1. Rotary converter is an electrical machine which acts as a mechanical rectifier that
converts alternating current to direct current
2. Frequency converter is an electrical machine used to change AC electrical energy
at one frequency into AC electrical energy an another frequency

Figure 3. A 300 kW 1200 rpm Figure 4. A small frequency converter

275-volt rotary converter
Principle of Generator Action
The principle of generator action requires
(1) the presence of magnetic lines of force
(2) the motion of conductors cutting the flux, before
(3) voltage is generated.

Figure 5. Elementary Two-Pole Figure 6. Elementary Two-Pole DC

AC Generator Generator w/ 2 segment commutator
Note: All rotating electric generators consists essentially of two important parts: (1) an
even set of electromagnets or permanent magnets and (2) the laminated steel core
containing current-carrying copper wires, the latter being called the armature winding.
Two Types of Rotating Electric Generators
1. DC GeneratorIn the DC generator, the armature winding is mechanically rotated
through the stationary magnetic fields created by the electromagnets or the permanent
magnets.

Figure 8. DC armature completely wound, dipped

In insulating varnish, and baked for operation.
Figure 7. Assembled field structure for
a dc generator. Note the four large(main)
pole cores and their windings and the two
narrow pole cores and their windings.
2. AC Generator In the AC generator, the electromagnets or the permanent magnets
and their acco.mpanying magnetic fields are rotated with respect to the stationary armature
winding.

Figure 9. Assembled field structure (14

Poles) for an AC generator. Note the two Figure 10. Wound Stationary armature for
slip rings connected to the field winding. low speed AC generator.
direct current is fed to the winding through
brushes and to the rings from an outside
source
Transformer is a simple, efficient, and comparatively inexpensive device used primarily
in AC circuits for the purpose of changing the voltage from one value to another. It is a
device that transfer energy from one electric circuit to another without a change of frequency

Figure 11. Power transformer of 20 000 kVA capacity used to step down the voltage
At a substation form 132 000 to 34 500 volts
Principle of Motor Action
The principle of motor action requires
(1) the presence of magnetic lines of force
(2) the current through conductors lying in the magnetic field before
(3) force, and therefore torque, is produced.

(a) Conductor in a non- (b) Conductor in uniform

uniform field field
Figure 12. Sketches illustrating that a force action is produced upon a Current-bearing
conductor placed in a non-uniform field, and no force action results when the field is
uniform and the conductor carries no current
(a) Field produced by (b) Field produced by current- (c) Resultant field and force
magnet poles carrying conductors produced by magnet poles and
and current-carrying conductors
Figure 13. Sketches illustrating how motor action is produced by the interaction of the
magnetic fields created by the main poles and the current-carrying conductors.

Note: Notice particularly that the flux densities are greatest on the bottom of the left
conductor(under the north pole) and on the top of the right conductor (under the south
pole) and are least on the top of the left conductor and the bottom of the right
conductor. As a result of this nonuniform flux distribution, the left conductor will tend to
move upward, while the right conductor will tend to move downward. And if the
armature is free to turn on a shaft, the resulting torque will produce rotation in a
clockwise direction
PRACTICAL GENERATOR
The simple loop generator has been considered in detail merely to bring out the basic
principle underlying the construction and working of an actual generator illustrated in
Figure 14

Figure 14
which consists of the following essential parts:
(i) Magnetic Frame or Yoke (v) Armature windings or
(ii) Pole Cores and Pole Shoes conductors
(iii) Pole Coils or Field Coils (vi) Commutator
(vii) Brushes or Bearings
(iv) Armature Core
YOKE
The outer frame or yoke serves double purpose
As shown in Figure 16:
(i) It provides mechanical support for the poles
and acts as a protecting cover for the whole
machine and
(ii) It carries the magnetic flux produce by the
poles.

Figure 16
NOTE: In small generators where cheapness rather than weight is the main consideration,
yokes are made of cast iron. But for large machines usually cast steel or rolled steel is
employed. The modern process of forming yoke consists of rolling a steel slab round a
cylindrical mandrel and then welding it at the bottom. The feet and the terminal box etc.
are welded to the frame afterwards. Such yokes possess sufficient mechanical strength
and have high permeability.y
POLE CORES AND POLE SHOES
The field magnets consists of pole cores and
pole shoes(See Figure 17).
The pole shoes serve two purpose:
(i) they spread out the flux in the air gap and
also, being of larger cross section, reduce
the reluctance of the magnetic path.
(ii) they support the exciting coils(or field coils)
as shown in Figure 17.

TWO MAIN TYPES OF POLE

CONSTRUCTION
1. The pole core itself may be a solid piece
made out of either cast iron or cast steel but
the pole shoe is laminated and is fastened
to the pole face by means of counter sunk
screws as shown in Figure 18

Figure 18
2. In modern design, the complete pole cores
are built of thin laminations of annealed steel
which are rivetted together under hydraulic
pressure. The thickness of laminations varies
from 1 mm to 0.25 mm as shown in Figure 19.
The laminated poles may be secured to the
yoke in any of the following two ways:
(i) Either the pole is secured to the yoke by
means of screws bolted through the yoke and
into the pole body (see Figure 19) or
Figure 19
(ii) The holding screws are bolted into a steel
ar which passes through the pole across the
plane of laminations as shown in Figure 20.

Figure 20
POLE COILS
The field coils or pole coils, which consist of
copper wire or strip, are former wound for the
correct dimension(See Figure 21).

Then the former is removed and wound coil

is put into place over the core as shown in
Figure 22. Figure 21

Figure 21

Note: When the current is passed through

these coils, they electromagnetize the poles
which produce the necessary flux that is cut
by revolving armature conductors.

Figure 22
SEVERAL FIELD WINDING CONSTRUCTION
1. A shunt field in which there are many turns
of fine wire.
2. A series field in which there are comparatively
few turns of heavy wire.
3. A compound field in which both a shunt and
series winding are used.

Figure 21
Figure 21. Main laminated pole
core assembly a DC motor or
generator

Figure 22 shows the fine wire shunt

coil on the left of while the picture on
the right shows the shunt coil taped
and surrounded by a few turns of
very heavy wire representing the
series coil.

Figure 21
 Figure 23 shows complete assembly of
shunt and series coils for main field
of DC motor or generator after being
dippedand baked. Note that the shunt coil
is on the inside and the series coil is
on the outside.

Figure 25 Wound magnet frame for a small DC

motor showing four main poles and two
interpoles

Figure 24. Shunt field-coil and pole-core

assembly for DC motor or generator
ARMATURE CORE
The armature core houses the armature
conductors or coils and causes them to
rotate and hence cut the magnetic flux of
the field magnets. In addition to this, its
most important function is to provide a path
of very low reluctance to the flux through
the armature from N-pole to a S-poles(See
Figure 23).
It is a cylindrical or drum-shaped and is
built up of usually circular sheet steel discs
or laminations approximately 0.5 mm thick Figure 23
(See Figure 23)
KEY WAY
The slots are eithe die-cut or punched on
the outer periphery of the disc and the key SLOTS
way is located on the inner diameter as
shown in Figure 23. The laminations are
perforated for air ducts which permit axial
flow of air through the armature for cooling
purposes. Such ventilating channels are
AIR
clearly visible in the lamination shown in HOLES
Figure 23 and Figure 24. Figure 24
NOTE: The purpose of using laminations
is to reduce the loss due to eddy currents.
The thinner the laminations, the greater
the resistance offered to the induced
e.m.f., the smaller the current and hence
the lesser the I 2 R loss in the core.
ARMATURE WINDINGS Figure 24 Armature before commutator
The armature windings are usually former was pressed on the shaft
wound. These are first wound in the form of
flat rectangular coils andare then pulled into
their proper shape in a coil puller. Various
conductors are placed in the armature slots
which are lined with tough insulating
material. This slot insulation is folded over
above the armature conductors placed in
the slot and is secured in place by special
hard wooden or fibre wedges.
Figure 25 Armature of Figure 24 after the
commutator was pressed on the shaft and
most of the coil leads were connected
COMMUTATOR
The function of the commutator is to
facilitate collection of current from the
armature conductors. As shown in Figure 6,
It rectifies i.e. Converts the alternating
Current induced in the armature conductors
Into DC current in the external load. It is of
cylindrical structure and is built up of wedge
shaped segments of high conductivity hard Figure 6. Elementary Two-Pole DC
drawn or drop-forged copper. These segments Generator w/ 2 segment commutator
are insulated from each other by thin layers of
mica. The number of segments is equal to the
number of armature coils. Each commutator
segment is connected to the armature
Conductor by means of a copper lug or strip
(or riser). To prevent them from flying out
under the action of centrifugal forces, the
segments have V-grooves, these grooves
being insulated by conical micanite rings.