INTRODUCTION

POWER ELECTRONIC (PE) SYSTEM

• Chapter – I : Introduction.
• Chapter – II : Rectifier.
• Chapter – III : Controlled Rectifier.
• Chapter – IV : Inverter.
• Chapter – V : DC Chopper.& AC
Voltage Controller
• Harmonic and Filter.
1.Introductions
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 CONVERTER CLASSIFICATION
 AC to DC : Rectifier

AC input DC output

 DC to AC : Inverter

DC input AC output

 DC to DC : Chopper

DC input DC output

 AC to AC : Cycloconverter and Matrix

AC input AC output
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 POWER ELECTRONIC SYSTEM
 To convert electrical energy from one form to
another, i.e. from the source to load with:
 highest efficiency,
 highest availability
 highest reliability
 lowest cost,
 smallest size
 least weight.

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 SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS
 Static applications
 involves non-rotating or moving mechanical
components.
 Examples:
 DC Power supply, Un-interruptible power supply, Power
generation and transmission (HVDC), Electroplating,
Welding, Heating, Cooling, Electronic ballast.

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 SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS
 Drive applications
 intimately contains moving or rotating components
such as motors.
 Examples:
 Electric trains, Electric vehicles, Air-conditioning
System, Pumps, Compressor, Conveyer Belt (Factory
automation).

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Aplikasi
Modul Lab Elda
2.Power Semikonduktor
 II : CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
Definiton :
Controlled rectifier means to have control process at
rectifier. This control process uses thyristor. Thyristor
operates like diode, only conduct in one direction or
forward bias operation. But thyristor I need impulse as
a

input at Gate Apin.

(Anode)
Ia
Ig>0 Ig=0
+ Ih
Vr
Ig Vak Ibo
_

G (Gate) Vak
Vbo

K (Cathode) v-i characteristics

11 Thyristor: Symbol
 CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
 Half Cycle Controlled Rectifier

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 CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
 Half cycle controlled rectifier with inductive
and resistive load

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 CONTROLLED
 TRIGGER SIGNAL RECTIFIER

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  GENERATE THE TRIGGER
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

15
 CONTROLLED
 Controlled RECTIFIER
rectifier single phase full cycle.

16
  Controlled rectifier three phase full cycle.
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

17
  Ideal rectifier waveform.
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

18
 CHAPTER
 Definiton :
– IV : INVERTER
Inverter or DC-AC Converter is a device that
convert DC power to AC. It is typical used in
UPS, HVDC or industrial drive motor.

Diagram block of inverter

 INVERTER
 Two type of inverter :
1. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is an inverter that use DC voltage
as source, assigned by parallel capacitor at output side (figure. a)
2. Current Source Inverter (CSI) is an inverter that use DC current as
source, assigned by series inductor at output side (figure b.)

Figure a. VSI

Figure b. CSI
 INVERTER
 VSI with DC Link Variable

VSI with DC Variable

Waveform with Variable DC

 INVERTER
 VSI with DC Link Constant

In this inverter type, use DC constant as input. Voltage

magnitude and frequency depend on PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation) technique.
 INVERTER
 CSI (Current source inverter)

This inverter use the chopped DC input current as

source, to generate AC output current. In this inverter
type, use large inductor L.
 Single Phase Inverter Square Wave (VSI Control)

INVERTER
  Three Phase Square Wave Inverter (VSI controlled)

INVERTER - EXAMPLE

Three phase inverter use 6 thyristor with triggers S1, S2, S3,
S4, S5, and S6. The figure shows simple circuit of 3 phase
inverter. Figure 4.16 shows trigger sequence from S1 until S6
dan inverter output waveform.
  Trigger sequence and output waveform
INVERTER - EXAMPLE

Triggers sequence are 561 (V1)  612 (V2)  123 (V3) 

234 (V4)  345 (V5)  456 (V6). Where 561 means S5, S6,
and S1 is ON. The cycle has 6 steps from 561 until reach 561
again. From this cycle, the inverter is called six step inverter.
 INVERTER - EXAMPLE
 Trigger sequence and output waveform

Line to line voltage (Vab, Vbc, and Vca) according to equation :

 INVERTER - EXAMPLE
Line to neutral voltage (VaN, VbN, and VcN) according to equation :

Fundamental frequency voltage (Vab)1(rms) :

Harmonic frequency voltage (Vab)h (rms)

With h = 6n+1 (n = 1, 2 , 3, …)
 CHAPTER – V : DC CHOPPER
 Definiton :
A chopper is a static device which is used to obtain
a variable dc voltage from a constant dc voltage
source. Choppers has two type based on their
function :
Step-down chopper
Step-up chopper

In step-down choppers, the output voltage will be

less than the input voltage, whereas in step-up
choppers output voltage will be more than the
input voltage.
 CHAPTER
 Principle of Step–Down
V : Chopper
DC CHOPPER

Step-down chopper with resistive load. The thyristor in the

circuit acts as a switch. When thyristor is in ON position, supply
voltage appears across the load and when thyristor is in OFF
position, the voltage across the load will be zero.
Operation When Switch Turned Off (open)
Turned on (close).
DC CHOPPER
  Principle of Step Up Chopper
DC CHOPPER

Step up converter is a device that generate output voltage dc

bigger than input voltage dc. When the switch is closed, diode is
in reverse mode, so the output is isolated. Input voltage supplies
the energy to inductor. When the switch is opened, the load gets
the energy from inductor and input, and then the output voltage
is greater than input voltage. Output voltage is maintained
constantly by using large capacitor C.
 DC CHOPPER
 Operation When Switch Turned Off (open)
Turned on (close).
3.Rectifier Controller
3 Phasa
 Kontrol SCR
Vs Q2 Q1 L C12 V11 C10 R9
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

TCA 785

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Qs Q2 Qu Q1 Vsync I Qz Vref

V sinkronisasi
220V/48V
TRANFORMATOR
TIGA FASA

SET POINT PENYEARAH TIGA

IC TCA 785 BEBAN INDUKTIF
POTENSIOMETER FASA

CATU DAYA DC
+15V
4.AC Voltage Controller 1 Phasa
AC Voltage controller 3 Phasa
 5.Inverter adalah
INVERTER
- Suatu peralatan konversi energi yang dapat mengubah tegangan dan frekwensi
keluaran AC dalam mengontrol perputaran sebuah motor induksi.
AC Input Converter Intermediate Braking Inverter
circuit

AC Input Konversi AC ke DC Output

1. Tegangan berbeda 1. Tegangan berbeda

2. Frekwensi tetap. 1. Konversi AC ke DC 2. Frekwensi variabel DC
50 / 60 Hz 2. Energi disimpan ~ 1kHz
3. Tegangan tetap pada kapasitor 3. Tegangan Variabel.
( 220V, 380V, 6600V..) (0V ~ Maks Teg. Input)

AC Drive
VFD (Variable Frequency Drive), ASD (Adjustable Speed Drive)
VVVF (Variable Voltage Variable Frequency)

39/32
Wiring Diagram
Gelombang Inverter

www.automation-talk.info
Rangkaian Daya Inverter 3 Phasa
 HARMONIC
Environment Friendly Motor Drive
Matrix Converter
Varispeed AC
Harmonic pd Rectifier 3 Phasa Full
Wave
 Inverter LS iG5A
• Ukuran sangat compact
• Volts/hertz dan kontrol vektor sensorless
• Torsi 150% merata disemua frekwensi
• Parameter motor auto-tuning pada posisi stop
• Frekwensi pembawa 1 ~ 15 KHz
• Deteksi Ground fault saat run
• Fasilitas kontrol PID
• Fungsi Up/down & pengoperasian 3-wire
• Fasilitas keypad remote
• Input analog 0~10Vdc, -10~+10Vdc
• Pemilihan signal input PNP/NPN
• Pemilihan konfigurasi I/O
• Fasilitas komunikasi ModBus (RS485)
• Fasilitas Braking IGBT
SKEMA SOFTSTARTER

46/32
Wiring Diagram
 FILTER AND HARMONIC
HARMONIC

 What are harmonics ?

Harmonics are voltages
and currents at frequencies
that are multiples of utility
power freqeuncy.
 HARMONIC
 Where do harmonics come from ?

Harmonics current result from

loads that draw power in non sine
wave format.
These are so called non linear loads
 HARMONIC
Some specific harmonic sources :
Linier load examples :
a. Resistance devices – heater, incandescent lamps.
b. Induction motors.
c. Capacitor banks.
Non - Linier load examples :
a. Arc welder and arc furnaces.
b. Ballasts.
c. Rectifiers.
d. Computers, switching power supplies.
e. Dc drives, Ac drives.
f. Switch capacitor banksg.
 HARMONIC
Some harmonic producers :
 HARMONIC
Example harmonic in Power system:
 FILTER
 CLASSIFICATION
• Low-Pass
• High-Pass
• Band-Pass
• Band-Reject
 IMPLEMENTATION
• Passive Implementation (R,L, C)
• Active Implementation (Op-Amp, R, L, C)
• Continuous time and discrete time.
 FILTER

Low Pass Filter is passes the frequency that lower than fcutoff
and suppress the frequency that higher than fcutoff. For some
AC motor drive application, filter is not required.
 Main Component of UPS
Rectifier- Charger
Inverter
Transfer Switches
Battery
 Konfigurasi Dasar Sistem AC
Uninterruptible Power Supply

Konfigurasi UPS Tunggal

Konfigurasi UPS Parallel Redundant

Konfigurasi Dual UPS
Profil Beban AC UPS
Wellpad B

Total Beban : 24325 Watt

15% desain kontingensi : 3648,75 Watt
Total : 27973,75 Watt

Total Ah (2 jam) : 250,25 Ah

15% desain kontingensi : 36,86 Ah
Total : 287,11 Ah
Kalkulasi AC UPS Wellpad
B

Kondisi Operasi
Tegangan input AC UPS : 400 VAC 3 phase

Efisiensi inverter : 0.9

Power factor (p.f) : 0.9

Tegangan output AC UPS : 230 VAC 1 phase

Total konsumsi Ah (Ahc) pada total beban + desain kontingensi 15%

adalah 287,11 Ah (berdasarkan profil beban)
 Jumlah Sel
Tegangan nominal sistem DC diatur pada 220 VDC

Tegangan maks. = VDC + (10% VDC) Jumlah sel yang dipilih

= 220V + 22V 108 sel (18 blok baterai)
= 242V
Tegangan min. = VDC - (10% VDC) Tegangan min. baterai:
= 220V – 22V
= 198V -> =
Float Voltage = 2.25V/sel
= 1,83 V/sel
Jumlah sel maks. =

= 107,56 sel
 Kapasitas Ah yang dibutuhkan
Design Margin (Dm) : 15%

Design Aging Factor (Da) : 25%

Temp. Correction (K1) : 1 (pada suhu 25°C) -> IEEE Std. 485-997

Altitude Correction (K2) : 1 (pada ketinggian kurang dari 1000 meter) -> IEC 62040-3

Total Ah dibutuhkan (AhR) : Ahc x Dm x Da x K1 x K2

: 287,11Ah x 1.15 x 1.25 x 1 x 1

: 412,72 Ah

Total Ah dibutuhkan untuk konfigurasi baterai 2 x50% (AhR/2)

: AhR x 50%

: 206,36 Ah

Total Ah dibutuhkan dengan desain maksimum 80% Depth of Discharge

: 257,95 Ah
 Pemilihan Baterai
Synthetic Time, TS (durasi backup) : 2 jam
Battery Peak Discharge Current @ TS, Acell : 142A (berdasarkan data katalog
GNB Absolyte IIP)
Battery set in parallel (Ps) :1
Kapasitas Ah baterai : Ps x Acell x TS
: 1x 142A x 2h
: 284Ah

Depth of Discharge :
:
: 72,66%
 Kebutuhan Inverter

Total beban + desain kontingensi 15% : 27.257,30 W

Inverter rating :
:
: 34535,49 kVA
Inverter rating dipilih : 35 kVA

Iout :
:
: 152,17 A
 Kebutuhan Rectifier
(Battery Charger)
Total beban + desain kontingensi 15% : 27.257,30 W
Arus pengisian baterai (Ic) : -> IEEE Std. 946 - 1992
:
: 28,37 A
Arus input inverter :
:
: 127,153 A

Charger current minimum : Ic + Inverter Input Current

: 28,37 A + 127,15 A
: 155,52 A
Charger rating dipilih : 160A