Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 47

PSIKOLOGI KERJA

(Occupational psychology)
Dasar Hukum
 UU No. 1 tahun 1970 tentang Keselamatan Kerja

 Pasal 3
(1) Denganperaturan perundangan ditetapkan syarat-
syarat keselamatan kerja untuk :
h. Mencegah dan mengendalikan timbulnya penyakit akibat
kerja baik fisik maupun psikis, peracunan , infeksi dan
penularan.

 Pasal 8
(1): Pengurus diwajibkan memeriksa kesehatan badan, kondisi
mental dan kemampuan fisik dari tenaga kerja yang akan
diterimanya maupun akan dipindahkan sesuai dengan sifat-
sifat pekerjaan yang diberikan kepadanya.
Definisi
 Menurut asal kata psikologi dari bahasa Yunani yaitu
psyche & logos secara harafiah artinya Ilmu Jiwa.
 Definisi Psikologi oleh Garden Murphy
menyatakan psikologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari
respons yang diberikan oleh makhluk hidup terhadap
lingkungannya
(Sarwono, 1984:4)
 Psikologi kerja sering disebut ; 'organizational
psychology, ergonomics, applied psychology, industrial
psychology, personnel management, time and stress

3
Bekerja harus menyesuaikan dengan
lingkungan.

 Kemajuan teknologi  menimbulkan perub.pd


seluruh tingkat / lap.masy.  menuntut
kemampuan beradaptasi fisik, mental dan sosial
 Perkemb. kemampuan beradaptasi tdk secepat
perub.yg terjadi  menimbulkan konflik & ketdk
seimbangan secara psikis/psikologis

4
Untung S MMR, 23 Des 2006 5
OSHA :
psychosocial issues we mean three issues in particular

 Work-related stress
 Violence at work
 Bullying at work

All these issues may be interrelated, and can be


harder to identify, especially when compared to
‘traditional’ health and safety issues as dangerous
substances and machinery. However, failing to
address issues such as stress can ruin businesses,
as well as the health of your workers.
What is work-related stress?

 Work-related stress is experienced when the


demands of the work environment exceed the
worker’s ability to cope with (or control) them.
Being under pressure is normal and is what gives us the
energy and motivation to deal with challenges, but when
demand and pressures become too much, they lead to
stress, and that is bad for workers and their organisations.
Stress is not a disease, but can lead to mental and physical
ill health. Work-related stress is a symptom of an
organizational problem, not an individual weakness.
What is violence at work?
 Violence at work is defined as any incident where a person is
abused, threatened, or assaulted during work, and which
endangers their safety, health, well-being, or work performance.
It covers insults, threats, or physical or psychological aggression
exerted by people from outside the organisation against a person
at work. There may be a racial or sexual dimension to the
violence. Violence to staff is an occupational safety and health
issue and should be dealt with at the organisational level. It is not
an individual’s problem.
 An act of violence generally arises in a situation where there is
very high or suppressed tension or pressure, and where personal
matters are at stake. Conflict that has not been resolved
appropriately can escalate to violence. Workers in the education,
health, and public service sectors can find themselves victims of
violence because aggressors see them as “representatives” of
the institution or system.
What is bullying at work?
 Workplace bullying is defined as repeated, unreasonable
behavior directed towards an employee, or group of employees,
that creates a risk to health and safety.
 In this context, “unreasonable behavior” means behavior that a
reasonable person, having regard to all the circumstances, would
expect to victimise, humiliate, undermine, or threaten.
“Behaviour” includes actions of individuals or a group. A system
of work may be used as a means of victimising. “Risk to health
and safety” includes risk to the mental and physical health of the
employee.
 Bullying can involve both verbal and physical attacks, as well as
more subtle acts like devaluation of a colleague’s work or social
isolation. Bullying often involves misuse or abuse of power,
where the targets can have trouble in defending themselves.
Bullying may encompass both physical and psychological
violence.
Interpersonal factors

 Sexual harrasment

 Workplace violance
Job security

 Job future ambiguity

 unemployement
Risk assessment and OSH
management
 A risk assessment is nothing more than a careful
examination of what, in your work, could cause harm
to people, so that you can judge whether you have
taken enough precautions or should do more to
prevent harm. The aim is to make sure that no one
gets hurt or becomes ill. A risk assessment involves
identifying the hazards present and then evaluating
the extent of the risks involved, taking into account
existing precautions.
Terimakasih
Stress di tempat kerja
Work Environment

Task Equipment Physical Social


Environment Environment

Mental Stress

INDIVIDUAL
Mental Strain

Activation Warming Up Mental Monotony Reduced Satiation


Fatigue Vigilance

Facilitating Effects Impairing Effects

Sumber : The Stress-strain – effects model of ISO 10 075


definition
 Stress : total of all assessable influences
impinging upon a human being from
external sources and affecting it mentally
(stimulus side)
 Strain : the immediate effect of mental
stress within the individual ( not long term
effect ) depending on his/her individual
habitual and actual preconditions
Beberapa hal sehubungan dengan stress:
 Stress hampir tidak mungkin dihindari.

 Keadaan tanpa stress  sama dgn mati.

 Yg dpt kita lakukan  mengurangi stress

 Hampir 50-75% (dari seluruh kunjungan


kepada dokter  berhub. dgn stress.

17
Jepang

 Survey deteksi stress kerja pada status kesehatan pekerja


wanita dan pria :
Physical fatique due to usual work = 70-74%
Mental fatique to usual work = 73 – 75%
 stressor kerja terbanyak :

hub. Antar pekerja , beban kerja kualitatif,


beban kerja kuantitatif
 Survey Penderita Jantung Koroner
 riw kerja dg lama waktu kerja lebih 60 jam per minggu

18
Indonesia

 Prayitno , 1993: 52 staf perusahaan Minyak lepas pantai


stressor berat = 40,38%
jantung koroner = 4,5%
 RSCM : gangg. Mental emosional 17,7%
 Pilot & co pilot penerb.sipil (IS Widyahening):
gangg. Mental emosional 39.4%
 Pramugari Penerbangan (K Darmadi):
gangg. Haid 53%, beban kerja kuantitatif tinggi

19
Indonesia…..

 Ayu DN, 2001 : di perusahaan bongkar muat :


Gangguan mental emosional 49,2%  psikotisme
(48,38%), somatisasi (46,24%),
stress kerja di pekerja administrasi > pekerja
lapangan
stressor pengembangan karir
 Muis.M, 2003 : di pemadam kebakaran JakTim :
psikopatologi 29,7%.
 Stressor tanggung jawab hub. dg psikopatologi

20
Indonesia …..
 Murni T, 2002 : Perawat RS 33,3% insomnia manifest
 Azizah MH, 2004 : gangguan mental emosional 47,2% di
pekerja offshore sensitifitas interpersonal, obsesi
kompulsi, fobia
stressor kerja dominan : perkembangan karir ;
bising  stress kerja
 Chrisna J, 2005 : di pabrik sepatu
stressor kerja dominan : beban kualitatif
stressor kerja berhub dg abortus spontan & stress
kerja
 Sofrina.I , 2005 : pabrik semen
prevalensi stress kerja 73,25%(shift), 52,5%(nonshift)
konflik peran stressor dominan

21
The Good
Sources of Stress
Get married
Have children
Buy a new home
Go on vacation The Bad
New Job Break a leg

Promotion Spouse loses job


Kidlet in trouble The Ugly
Lose wallet Nasty car accident
In-laws coming Bankruptcy
Divorce
Loved one dying
Stress tergantung dari
 Tingkat Pendidikan
 Pergaulan/sosialisasi
 Pengetahuan umum
 Informasi yang jelas
 Iman
 Leadership
 Coping mechanism
 dll
23
Penyebab Stressor di Pekerjaan
a. Faktor instriksik pekerjaan:
 Lingkungan fisik : bising, vibrasi, suhu, sanitasi etc

 Tuntutan tugas :

- kerja gilir/shift
- beban kerja
- berhadapan dg risiko dan bahaya
b. Peran individu dalam organisasi :
 Konflik peran

 Role ambiquity

c. Pengembangan karir :
 Ketidakpastian pekerjaan (job insecurity)

 Over/under promotion

d. Hubungan dalam pekerjaan


e. Struktur dan iklim organisasi
f. Faktor Eksternal
24
FAKTOR EKSTERNAL :

1. Tuntutan dari luar organisasi/pekerjaan


 Peristiwa kehidupan
 Keluarga
 Krisis kehidupan
 Kesulitan keuangan
 Keyakinan pribadi & organisasi
 Konflik tuntutan keluarga dan
perusahaan
25
2. Ciri individu /faktor individu :
a. Kepribadian (A,B atau AB)
b. Kecakapan/kepribadian yg tangguh
( yakin, mampu dan antisipasi perubahan)
c. Rasa mengendalikan (sense of control)/ tidak
ada pengendalian (absence of control
3. Umur
Lebih tua  adaptasi >>> 40 th : rentan stress ,
adrenalin
4. Jenis kelamin
5.Kemampuan mengatasi masalah

26
Gejala stress kerja
Pada individu Pada organisasi :
Gejala Fisik   Absenteism, 
turnover,
Gejala Psikis memburuknya
hubungan industri.
Gejala Perilaku
 Memburuknya
semangat kerja,
kualitas kerja &
produktivitas
  biaya kesehatan

27
DIAGNOSIS DINI

Kenali tanda-tanda stress


1. Gejala Waspada Emosional : cemas, gangg. tidur,
marah, susah konsentrasi, sedih, mood sering tidak baik
2. Gejala Waspada fisik: postur tbh berubah, keringat dingin,
kelelahan kronik, psikosomatik
3. Gejala Waspada Perilaku:reaksi berlebihan, alkoholism,
menarik diri, ganti-ganti pekerjaan, merasa lesu

Catatan Keluhan fisik bisa dideteksi secara medis 28


Program pencegahan & pengendalian
1. Menghilangkan stressor kerja (ekstrinsik dan instriksik):
- work/job design, ergonomics design, organizational
- perbaikan organizational behavioral (flexible
responsive, Dx dini)
- transparansi, feedback, komunikasi
2. Pengendalian kognitif
- konseling, psikoterapi, berpikir positif, religi
3. Kegiatan relaksasi
- tehnik pernafasan, meditasi/yoga/relaksasi otot
- olah raga, piknik
4. Kegiatan sosial

29
 Workload : Kebutuhan /tuntutan perusahaan
harus dicocokkan dengan kemampuan individu.
Beban kerja harus sesuai dengan masa
pemulihan fisik maupun mental
 Tugas atau beban kerja harus berarti bagi
pekerja, merangsang, bisa diselesaikan dengan
lengkap dan kesempatan memperlihatkan
keahliannya
 Hak dan kewajiban yang jelas
 Lingkungan sosial yang yang mendukung
 Job future  career development

30
Teknik manajemen stress
 Autogenic training
 Biofeedback
 Deep Breathing
 Exercise
 Leisure Activities
 Massage
 Meditation,Yoga
 Progressive relaxation
exercise
 Social support
 Time management
Organizational intervention
in stress reduction
 Reorganisasi Jabatan dengan meningkatkan peran
karyawan dalam pengambilan keputusan.
 Memperbaiki komunikasi dalam organisasi (baik
untuk memberitahu kekurangan maupun kelebihan
 Mengembangkan konseling karyawan dan
kemampuan atasan mendeteksi stress
 Membuat kerja tim bekerja, QCC
 Memperbaiki lingkungan, ergonomik dan keamanan
di tempat kerja
Rekomendasi NIOSH u/ job design :

 Work scheduled : harus didesain u/ menghindari


konflik antara kebutuhan dan tanggung jawab
diluar pekerjaan. Rotasi sebaiknya tetap dan
dapat diprediksi.

 Partisipasi : pekerja sebaiknya diberi


kesempatan memberi masukan untuk keputusan
atau kegiatan yg berpengaruh terhadap kinerja
mereka.

33
Istilah-istilah dalam

STRESS KERJA
1. Stressor = pembangkit stress

 Stressor adalah kejadian, seseorang atau objek yg


dirasakan sbg elemen yg menimbulkan stress dan sbg
akibatnya menimbulkan reaksi stress.
 Bentuk stressor sgt beragam dari psikososial dan
perilaku spt frustrasi, kecemasan  sampai pada
lingkungan hidup dan lingkungan fisik (spt
kebisingan, polusi, suhu dan makanan).
 Antisipasi dan imaginasi juga dpt menjadi stressor
dan mencetuskan reaksi stress.

34
Stress
 Sindrom yang meliputi respon non spesifik dari organisme
terhadap rangsangan dari lingkungan

 Respon fisiologik, psikologik dan perilaku individu yang


mencari adaptasi atau penyesuaian diri dari tekanan internal
dan eksternal

 Ketidak seimbangan yang dihayati antara tuntutan pekerjaan


dan kemampuan individu bila kegagalan yang terjadi
berdampak penting ( Mc Grafth’s)

 Kondisi dimana satu atau beberapa faktor di lingkungan kerja


berinteraksi dg pekerja shg mengganggu keseimbangan
fisiologi & psikologi
35
Proses Stress dalam tubuh
Hans Selye :
1. Alarm reaction (fase 1)
*seluruh sistim siaga – waktu cepat
kulit pucat, keringat dingin, jant. Debar-debar, darah mengalir cepat

2. Resistance reaction/adaptation phase (fase 2)


* tubuh mengerahkan daya tahan utk melawan faktor penyebab
stres
* Terbatas kemampuan tubuh
* bila terus-terus dan berat  ke fase 3
3. Exhaustion reaction (fase 3)
* terjadi kelelahan
* daya tahan tubuh turun, energi adaptasi habis, mulai timbul
gangg. Fisik

36
Konsep Proses stress
Gatchel, Baum and Krantz, 1989

SEHAT

ADAPTASI

STRESOR PENILAIAN COPING


MECHANISM

MALADAPTASI

GANGGUAN
MENTAL /
FISIK

37
MODEL STRES DALAM PEKERJAAN
Modifikasi Model Cooper, C.L. (1989)

LINGKUNGAN
LINGK. DILUAR PEKERJAAN
PEKERJAAN

INDIVIDU:
•KEPRIBADIAN
•KONDISI BADAN
•CIRI-CIRI

GEJALA
GEJALA FISIK ORGANISASI

GEJALA PSIKIS GEJALA PERILAKU

MENTAL ILL -HEALTH 38


REAKSI TUBUH THD STRESS
1. REAKSI PSIKOLOGIK
 keluhan subyektif ringan s/d gejala psikiatrik nyata
 ringan : mudah tersinggung, konsentrasi menurun, cemas, tegang, apatis s/d depresi
 berat : depresi, ansietas, gangguan psikosomatik
2. REAKSI PERILAKU
 bentuk reaksi tubuh thd stres
 sering: banyak merokok, minum alkohol menarik diri dari lingkungan, selera
makan turun, gangg.pola tidur, gangg. Perilaku seksual, minum obat
penenang, agresif, anti sosial
 enggan bekerja, ganti-ganti pekerjaan, burn out (lesu kerja)
3. REAKSI FISIOLOGIK
 sistim otonom  katekolamin
 sist kardiovaskuler : vasoaktif (jant berdebar, tidak teratur, TD naik)
 sist. Tractus GI : HCl lamb naik
 sist Haid : hipoestrogen

39
MODEL STRESS KERJA

Sumber Stress Karakteristik Simptom Penyakit

Diastolic increase Coronary Heart Diseases


Cholesterol level
Intrinsic to job
The individual Heart rate
• level anxiety Smoking increase
•Level neurotic Depressive mood
Role in organization •Tolerance of ambiguity Escaping drink
•Type A behavioral MENTAL ILLNESS
Job disstatisfaction
Career development Reduced aspiration

Relationship at work

Organization structure
and climate

High absentism Prolonged strikes


Home – High labor turnover Frequent & Severe Ac
Industrial relation difficult Chronically poor Perform
Interface sources of stress
Poor quality control
40
RETURN TO WORK
Komunikasi Interpersonal perlu dilakukan
Ada 3 hal yang perlu dilakukan :
1. Psikoterapi dan konsultasi psikologi harus dilakukan
utk mengatasi masalah
2. Tanyakan ke manajemen apa dapat dibuat
kebijakan ttg beban kerja utk pekerja ini
3. Program refreshing pekerjaan dan tempat kerja

Pensiun muda/dipercepat perlu dipikirkan utk Penyakit


jiwa yang permanen – perhatikan aturan perburuhan
dan UU ketenagakerjaan

41
Factors intrinsic to the job
 Person- environment Fit
 Workload
 Hours of work
 Enviromental design
 Ergonomic factors
 Autonomy and control
 Work pacing
 Electronic work monitoring
 Role clarity and role overload.
Individual factors
 Type A/B behaviour pattern
 Hardiness
 Self estemm
 Locus of control
 Coping styles
 Social support
 Gender, job stress and illness
 ethnicity
Macro organizational factors

 TQM
 Managerial styles
 Organizational structure
 Organizational climate and culture
 Performance measures and compensation
 Staffing issues
Program

 Stress management programs


 Alcohol and drug abuse
 Employee assistance programs
Type A

 Competitiveness
 Extremes of hostility
 Hurry
 Impatience
 Restlessness
 Agresisiveness
 Explosiveness of speech, and high stated of
alertness accompanied by muscular tension.
Type B

 More relaxed
 Coperative
 Steady in their pace of activity
 Appear more satisfied with their daily lives
and the people around them.

You might also like