Unit 1

The Earth in the Universe

 The Earth in the Universe

①The Earth and the Universe

②The Sun
③The Solar System
④The Moon
⑤Space Travel

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The Earth in the Universe
 Stock knowledge ✔️

TRUE MAYBE FALSE

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The Earth in the Universe
 Questions

① Earth is the center of the universe, the sun, planets, stars,

and all other bodies in the sky revolved around the earth.
② Star patterns are called CONSTELLATIONS.
③ GALAXY is comprise of billion of stars, clouds, gas, and d
ust.
④ METEOROLOGY is the study of celestial body with scienti
fic bases.
⑤ Earth has strong magnetic field/force.
⑥ 1 moon called LUNA.
⑦ UMBRA, ANTUMBRA, and PENUMBRA are types of luna
r eclipse.
The Earth in the Universe
 Ursa Major, the great bear

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 Perseus (Persoos),
the Slayer of Monster

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 The Earth and the Univers
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e
 EARTH

 3rd planet, most dense.

 Has strong magnetic field/force.
 The only planet known to have large amounts of l
iquid water where life is known to exist.
 orbits the sun once every 365 days, or one year.

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 Universe

 is a big, open place.

 the whole cosmic system of matter and energy
 “the Universe” derived from the Latin word “universum
”, which was used by Roman statesman Cicero and la
ter Roman authors to refer to the world and the cosmo
s as they knew it.
 This consisted of the Earth and all living creatures that
dwelt therein, as well as the Moon, the Sun, the then-k
nown planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn)
and the stars.

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 The Earth and the Universe

16th century it was believed that the earth wa

s the center of the universe.
 The sun appears to move in a daily path arou
nd the earth in an east to west direction.
 "Planet" which means "wanderer"

1543 there was little serious doubt about the

earth being the center of the entire universe.
• Greeks pictured the earth as being surrounde
d by a number of moving transparent spheres
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, one inside the other.
 Ptolemy (c. 85 - 165 CE)

• Egyptian astronomer
• said planets are on small circular
orbits, called epicycles.
• Developed 1st model to predict t
he positions of planets.
• Had support of Catholic church, d
espite inaccuracy

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 Geocentric Theory

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 Nicolaus Copernicus
(koh-per-ni-kus)

• Polish churchman and Mathematicia

n
• He started his belief that the sun, not
the earth, was the center around whi
ch the planets revolved.
• First offered proof that the earth revo
lves around the sun.

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 Heliocentric System
(Copernican model)

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 Stars
• Give off the variety of radiation.
• Visible and Invisible
• Visible light - made up which wave length (4x1
0-7) meters- (7.6x10-7) meters.
• Invisible waves with much shorter and longer l
engths.
Wavelength - distance from one wave crest to t
he next.
Frequency - number of waves emitted by the so
urce in one second.
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Light Year- distance that light travels trough spa
ce in one year.
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 Galileo Galilei
(gah-li-lay-oh)

• February 15, 1564 – January 8, 164

2
• Italian Scientific Genius
• "father of observational astronomy"
• "father of modern science"
• his crude instrument he was the first
to see and describe the moons of ju
piter, sunspot and crates of the moo
n
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 Moons of Jupiter

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 Sunspot and Crates of t
he Moon

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 Optical Telescope
[Galileo (gah-li-lay-oh)]

• Mankind's first direct knowledge of th

e real nature of the universe came fr
om a simple telescope in the lands o
f a 16th Century.
• Gathers and focuses light, mainly fro
m the visible part of the electromagn
etic spectrum, to create a magnified i
mage for direct view, or to make a p
hotograph, or to collect data through
electronic image sensors.
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 2 types of astronomical telescope

1. Refractor

 light passes through lenses and is

bent or refracted to give an enlarg
e or intensified image of the objec
t viewed.

 this image viewed directly or phot

ographed.

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 2 types of astronomical telescope

2. Reflector

 has a curved mirror that relects lig

ht to form an image of the object v
iewed

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 Reflector
Yerks Observatory in Wisconsin

 Largest refracting telescope

 40 inches lens diameter
 Larger lenses are so heavy that th
ey sag of shape from their own w
eight.

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 Reflecting Telescope
Paloman Mountain in California

• Can be made much large

r because the mirror can
be supported from behind
• Largest reflecting telesco
pe is the famous 200 inch
es.

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 Radio Telescopes

• Extremely sensitive radio receive

rs.
• They have very large antennas, s
ome of which can be pointed to
any spot in the sky.
• specialized antenna and radio re
ceiver used to receive radio wave
s from astronomical radio source
s in the sky.
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 Spectroscope

• The astronomers most important

instruments.

• In this device, light gather by a t

elescope is separated into the col
ors of the spectrum.

• Astronomers had identified three-

fourths of the known naturally occ
uring chemical elements of the su
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 Spectroscope

• Helium was discovered in the sun

before it found on earth.

• Spectrum patterns are affected b

y such conditions as the temperat
ure and pressure of the gases wh
ich give off the light.

• Can also be used to indicate the r

Unit 1 elative motion of the star.
 The Constellations

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 The Constellations

• Typically grouped around asterisms, patterns f

ormed by prominent, relatively bright stars that
appear to be close to each other in the night s
ky.

• Names have been given to groups of stars bec

ause their arrangement suggested animals, go
ds, and legendary heroes.

• They are identified by their ancient names, suc

h as
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 Ursa Major, the great bear
(The Big Dipper)

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 Ursa Major, the great bear
(The Big Dipper)

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 Cygnus, the Swan

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 Cygnus, the Swan

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 Pegasus, the Winged Horse

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 Pegasus, the Winged Horse

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 Perseus (Persoos),
the Slayer of Monster

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 Perseus (Persoos),
the Slayer of Monster

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The Earth in the Universe
 • Visible Stars are usually named by their locati
on in a constellation and by their degree of bri
ghtness with respect to tge other stars if the c
onstellation.

• Many of the very brightest star have individual

names in addition.

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The Earth in the Universe
 The Five (5) Brightest Stars
of the Northern Sky

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The Earth in the Universe
 1. Sirius
(The Dog Star)

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The Earth in the Universe
 2. Canopus
(ka-noh-pus)

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The Earth in the Universe
 3. Vega
(vee-ga)

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The Earth in the Universe
 4. Capella

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The Earth in the Universe
 5. Arcturus
(ahrk-tyoo-rus)

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The Earth in the Universe
 • The motion of the earth as it turns on it's axis
makes the constellations seem to move throu
gh the sky.

Celestial North Pole

 from the northern half of the earth, all stars se
em to turn around a point in the sky
 star located here would not appear to move

Polaris (poh-lah-ris)
 the north star
 Very close to celestial north pole
 It seems to move only very slightly

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The Earth in the Universe
 • The movement of the earth in it's orbit around
the sun also causes a change in the appearan
ce of the night sky from one part of the year to
another.

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The Earth in the Universe