Prentice Hall

EARTH SCIENCE

Tarbuck  Lutgens
Chapter

Rocks
3
Directions: Identify the rocks of the
different places of the globe and try to
identify their shape or Geometric
structure.

HALITE
RECTANGULAR SHAPE
 QUARTZ
TRIGONAL
 NATROLITE
FIBROUS OR NEEDLE-LIKE
CORUNDOM
HEXAGONAL
Activity :
Each group will examine each rock
samples and will identify the
characteristics (such as color, texture,
presence of crystals, components, etc) of
each major type of rocks namely: Igneous,
Metamorphic and Sedimentary Rocks. In
a manila paper, write the observed
characteristics of each rock type:
 Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Follow –up Questions:

1. How did you differentiate each rock type?
2. What are the differences of each rock type?
Each Group will be given strips of
name of rocks.
• The group will classify the
rocks according to its type. A
representative of the group
will show their final answer.
• Follow-up Questions:
• 1. How did you classify each rocks?
• 2. How these rocks formed?
• 3. What are the different
geometrical shapes can you identify
in the rock samples? (such as
cuboidal, hexagonal, rectangular,
prismatic)
3.1 The Rock Cycle

Rocks
 Rocks are any solid mass of mineral or
mineral-like matter occurring naturally
as part of our planet.
 Types of Rocks
1. Igneous rock is formed by the crystallization
of molten magma.
3.2 Igneous Rocks

Formation of Igneous Rocks

1. Intrusive igneous rocks are formed
when magma hardens beneath Earth’s
surface.
2. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed
when lava hardens.
3.2 Igneous Rocks

Classification of Igneous Rocks

 Igneous rocks can be classified based
on their composition and texture.
1. Texture
• Coarse-grained texture is caused by slow
cooling resulting in larger crystals.
• Fine-grained texture is caused by rapid
cooling resulting in smaller, interconnected
mineral grains.
Course-Grained Igneous Texture
Fine-Grained Igneous Texture
3.2 Igneous Rocks

Classification of Igneous Rocks

1. Texture (continued)
• Glassy texture is caused by very rapid cooling.
• Porphyritic texture is caused by different rates
of cooling resulting in varied sized minerals.
2. Composition
• Granitic composition rocks are made mostly
of light-colored quartz and feldspar.
Obsidian Exhibits a Glassy Texture.
Porphyritic Igneous Texture
3.1 The Rock Cycle

Energy That Drives the Rock Cycle

 Processes driven by heat from the Earth’s
interior are responsible for forming both
igneous rock and metamorphic rock.
 Weathering and the movement of weathered
materials are external processes powered by
energy from the sun.
 External processes produce sedimentary
rocks.
3.1 The Rock Cycle

Rocks
 Types of Rocks
2. Sedimentary rock is formed
from the weathered products of
preexisting rocks that have
been transported, deposited,
compacted, and cemented.
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

 Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
• Erosion involves the weathering and the
removal of rock.
• Deposition occurs when an agent of
erosion—water, wind, ice, or gravity—loses
energy and drops sediments.
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

 Compaction and Cementation
• Compaction is a process that squeezes, or
compacts, sediments.
• Cementation takes place when dissolved
minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces
among the sediments.
3.3 Sedimentary Rocks

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

 Two Main Groups
1. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed
of weathered bits of rocks and minerals.
• Classified by particle size
• Common rocks include
- Shale (most abundant)
- Sandstone
- Conglomerate
Shale with Plant Fossils
Conglomerate
Fossiliferous Limestone
3.1 The Rock Cycle

Rocks
 Types of Rocks

3. Metamorphic rock is formed by the

alteration of pre-existing rock deep
within Earth (but still in the solid state)
by heat, pressure, and/or chemically
active fluids.
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

 Metamorphism means “to change
form.”
 Most metamorphic changes occur at
elevated temperatures and pressures.
 Conditions for formation are found a few
kilometers below the Earth’s surface and
extend into the upper mantle.
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks

Agents of Metamorphism
 Heat
• Provides the energy needed to drive chemical
reactions
 Pressure
• Causes a more compact rock with greater
density
Origin of Pressure in
Metamorphism
Gneiss Typically Displays a
Banded Appearance
Marble—A Nonfoliated
Metamorphic Rock
3.1 The Rock Cycle

The Rock Cycle

 Shows the interrelationships among the three
rock types (igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic)
 Magma is molten material that forms deep
beneath the Earth’s surface.
 Lava is magma that reaches the surface.
 Weathering is a process in which rocks are
broken down by water, air, and living things.
 Sediment is weathered pieces of Earth
elements.
The Rock Cycle
Each group will make a simple rock
cycle diagram, showing the
interrelationship of the three rock
types.
For Group 1 and 2: The diagram
must start from sedimentary rocks.
For Group 3: The diagram must start
from igneous rocks.
For Group 4: The diagram must start
from metamorphic rocks.
 Abstraction
• 1. How rocks are being classified?
• 2. How can we classify rocks
according to its rock type?
• 3. How rocks are being recycled?