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Heredity and Evolution
Heredity and Evolution
Heredity and Evolution
b) polygenic.
c) polymorphic.
d) sex-linked.
Answer: b
• Traits that have a range of phenotypic
expressions and show a continuum of
variation are termed polygenic.
Question
• Genes exist in pairs in individuals; during
the production of gametes, the pairs are
separated so that a gamete has only one
of each kind. This is known as the
a)principle of segregation.
b)principle of independent assortment.
c)mitosis.
d)unification theory.
Answer: a
• Genes exist in pairs in individuals; during
the production of gametes, the pairs are
separated so that a gamete has only one
of each kind. This is known as the
principle of segregation.
Mendelian Traits
• Characteristics that are influenced by
alleles at only one genetic locus.
• Examples include many blood types, such
as ABO.
• Many genetic disorders such as sickle-cell
anemia and Tay-Sachs disease are also
Mendelian traits.
Mendelian Inheritance in
Humans
• Over 4,500 human trains are known to be
inherited according to Mendelian principles.
• The human ABO blood system is an example of
a simple Mendelian inheritance.
The A and B alleles are dominant to the O
allele.
Neither the A or B allele are dominant to one
another; They are codominant and both traits
are expressed.
Results of Crosses When Traits Are
Considered Simultaneously
Some Mendelian Traits in
Humans: Dominant
Condition Manifestations
Achondroplasia Dwarfism due to growth defects involving
the long bones of the arms and legs; trunk
and head
size usually normal.
Brachydactyly Shortened fingers and toes.
Familial hyper- Elevated cholesterol levels and
cholesterolemia cholesterol plaque deposition;
a leading cause of heart disease, with
death frequently occurring
by middle age.
Some Mendelian Traits in
Humans: Recessive
Condition Manifestations
Cystic fibrosis Among the most common genetic disorders
among European Americans; abnormal
secretions of the exocrine glands, with
pronounced involvement of the pancreas;
most patients develop obstructive lung
disease.
Tay-Sachs Most common among Ashkenazi Jews;
disease degeneration of the nervous system
beginning at about 6 months of age; lethal by
age 2 or 3 years.
Question
• Mendel used the term dominant for
a) plants that were larger than others
of the same variety.
b) a trait that prevented another trait
from appearing.
c) a variety of pea plants that
eliminated a weaker variety.
d) a trait that "skipped" a generation.
Answer: b
• Mendel used the term dominant for a
trait that prevented another trait from
appearing.
Antigens
• Large molecules found on the surface of
cells.
• Several different loci govern various
antigens on red and white blood cells.
Foreign antigens provoke an immune
response.
Codominance
• The expression of two alleles in
heterozygotes.
• In this situation, neither allele is dominant
or recessive so they both influence the
phenotype.
ABO Genotypes and Associated
Phenotypes
AA, AO A A
BB, BO B B
AB A and B AB
OO None O
Pedigree Chart
• A diagram showing
family relationships;
it’s used to trace the
hereditary pattern of
particular genetic
traits.
Autosomal Dominant Trait
Condition Manifestations
Cellular
Individual
Population
b) gene flow/migration.
c) founder effect.
d) bottleneck effect.
Answer: b
• When alleles are introduced into a
population from another population, this
is known as gene flow/migration.
Recombination
• In sexually reproducing species both
parents contribute genes to offspring.
• The genetic information is reshuffled
every generation.
• Recombination doesn’t change allele
frequencies, however, it does produce
different combinations of genes that
natural selection may be able to act on.
Natural Selection
• Natural selection provides directional change in
allele frequency relative to specific
environmental factors.
• If the environment changes, selection pressures
also change.
• If there are long-term environmental changes in
a consistent direction, then allele frequencies
should also shift gradually each generation.
Genetic Variation
• Cheetahs, like many
other species, have
passed through a
genetic bottleneck.
• As a species, they
have little genetic
variation.
Sickle-cell Distribution in
the Old World
Life Cycle of the Parasite That
Causes Malaria
Levels of Organization in the
Evolutionary Process
Evolutionary Level Evolutionary Process
Factor
Mutation DNA Storage of genetic
information; ability to
replicate; influences
phenotype by production of
proteins
Mutation Chromosomes A vehicle for packaging and
transmitting DNA
Levels of Organization in the
Evolutionary Process
Evolutionary Level Evolutionary Process
Factor
Recombination Cell Basic unit of life, contains
(sex cells only) chromosomes, divides for
growth and production of sex
cells
Natural selection Organism The unit that reproduces and
which we observe for
phenotypic traits
Drift, gene flow Population Changes in allele frequencies
between generations