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MAGNETIC SENSORS
YASH TENDULKAR - 161040051
CHETAN SOAM - 161060001
VIKRAM GOSAVI - 161060017
 Introduction 2

 Magnetic sensors detect changes and disturbances in a magnetic

field like flux, strength and direction. Other types of detection
sensors work with characteristics like temperature, pressure, light.
 From established knowledge about the existing magnetic field and
the data collected from sensors regarding changes and alterations,
many things can be known.
 Rotation, angles, direction, presence and electrical current can all
be monitored.
 Magnetic sensors are divided into two groups, those that measure
the complete magnetic field and those that measure vector
components of the field. The vector components are the individual
points of the magnetic field
Difference between Conventional 3
and Magnetic Sensors:
 Types of Magnetic Sensors 4
1. HALL EFFECT SENSORS

2. INDUCTIVE SENSORS

3. MAGNETORESISTIVE SENSORS

4. SWITCHING MAGNETIC SENSORS

5. EDDY CURRENT SENSORS

6. SQUID SENSORS
Hall Effect Sensors
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1. HALL EFFECT SENSORS ARE DEVICES WHICH ARE ACTIVATED
BY AN EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD.

2. THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE, CALLED THE HALL VOLTAGE, (VH) OF

THE BASIC HALL ELEMENT IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO
THE STRENGTH OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD PASSING THROUGH
THE SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL (OUTPUT ∝ H).

3. OUTPUT VOLTAGE CAN BE QUITE SMALL, ONLY A FEW

MICROVOLTS EVEN WHEN SUBJECTED TO STRONG
MAGNETIC FIELDS.

4. MOST COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE HALL EFFECT DEVICES ARE

MANUFACTURED WITH BUILT-IN DC AMPLIFIERS.
 Applications
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1. SENSING THE PRESENCE OF MAGNETIC OBJECTS
(CONNECTED WITH THE POSITION SENSING) IS THE MOST
COMMON INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF HALL EFFECT
SENSORS, ESPECIALLY THOSE OPERATING IN THE SWITCH
MODE (ON/OFF MODE).

2. HALL EFFECT SENSORS MAY BE UTILIZED FOR

CONTACTLESS MEASUREMENTS OF DC CURRENT IN
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS.

3. SOME COMPUTER USE HALL EFFECT DEVICE TO DETECT IF

THE COVER IS OPEN OR CLOSE.

4. THE HALL SENSOR IS USED IN SOME AUTOMOTIVE FUEL

LEVEL INDICATORS.
8
SQUID Sensors
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 10
1. A SQUID (FOR SUPERCONDUCTING QUANTUM
INTERFERENCE DEVICE) IS A VERY SENSITIVE
MAGNETOMETER USED TO MEASURE EXTREMELY
SUBTLE MAGNETIC FIELDS, BASED ON
SUPERCONDUCTING LOOPS CONTAINING JOSEPHSON
JUNCTIONS.

2. SQUIDS ARE SENSITIVE ENOUGH TO MEASURE FIELDS

AS LOW AS 5 AT (5×10−18 T) WITH A FEW DAYS OF
AVERAGED MEASUREMENTS.

3. THEIR NOISE LEVELS ARE AS LOW AS 3 FT·HZ−½.

 Applications
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1. THE EXTREME SENSITIVITY OF SQUIDS MAKES THEM IDEAL
FOR STUDIES IN BIOLOGY, MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY
(MEG) FOR EXAMPLE, USES MEASUREMENTS FROM AN
ARRAY OF SQUIDS TO MAKE INFERENCES ABOUT NEURAL
ACTIVITY INSIDE BRAINS.

2. PROBABLY THE MOST COMMON COMMERCIAL USE OF

SQUIDS IS IN MAGNETIC PROPERTY MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS (MPMS), THESE ARE TURN-KEY SYSTEMS, MADE BY
SEVERAL MANUFACTURERS, THAT MEASURE THE MAGNETIC
PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL SAMPLE.

3. THEY ARE ALSO USED IN OIL PROSPECTING, MINERAL

EXPLORATION EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION AND GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY SURVEYING.
 Switching Magnetic Sensors
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The reed switch is an electrical
switch operated by an
applied magnetic field. It
consists of a pair of contacts on
ferrous metal reeds in an
airtight glass envelope. The
contacts are normally open,
making no electrical
contact. The switch is actuated
(closed) by bringing a magnet
near the switch. Once the
magnet is pulled away, the reed
switch will go back to its original
position.
 Applications
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1. WHEN AN APPLICATION REQUIRES THE VOLUME OF A FLUID, OR
A DISTANCE, OR THE RPM OF A MACHINE TOOL MEASURED,
THE REED SWITCH OR REED SENSOR IS THE BEST SUITED
DEVICE.

2. THE THERMAL REED SWITCH OVERCOMES ALL THESE

PROBLEMS. IT CONSISTS OF A REED SWITCH, TWO
PERMANENT MAGNET, AND A SPECIAL ALLOY THAT CONDUCTS
THE MAGNETIC FLUX LINES BETWEEN THE TWO PERMANENT
MAGNETS, AT TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN THE THERMAL
FERRITE’S CURIE POINT. THIS KEEPS THE REED SWITCH
CLOSED.
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 Magnetoresistive Sensors
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The Magnetoresistive sensors are based on the Magnetoresistive
effect. The Magnetoresistive effect is the change of the resistivity of a
current carrying ferromagnetic material due to a magnetic field. MGR
sensor can be called as magnetically controllable resistors

The below figure shows the Magnetoresistive effect.

 WORKING: 16
1. WHEN THE CURRENT IS PASSED THROUGH THE
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL THE INTERNAL MAGNETIZATION
VECTOR(M) OF THE FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL IS PARALLEL
TO THE CURRENT FLOW.

2. WHEN AN EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD IS APPLIED IN APPLIED

OPPOSITE TO THE DIRECTION OF THE CURRENT FLOW AS
SHOWN IN THE FIGURE THE INTERNAL MAGNETIZATION
VECTOR CHANGES ITS POSITION(M1) BY AN ANGLE
DEPENDING ON THE STRENGTH OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD.

3. THE RESISTANCE DEPENDS ON THE ANGLE FORMED BY THE

INTERNAL MAGNETIZATION VECTOR(M) OF THE
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL AND THE DIRECTION OF THE
CURRENT(I) FLOW.
 Applications
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1. WHEEL SPEED SENSORS

2. ANGLE MEASUREMENT

3. LINEAR DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT

4. CURRENT MEASUREMENT

5. EARTH MAGNETIC FIELD DETECTION FOR COMPASS AND

NAVIGATION APPLICATIONS

6. METAL DETECTION

7. MAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENT

Inductive Sensors
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 19
1. AN INDUCTIVE SENSOR IS A DEVICE THAT USES THE
PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION TO DETECT
OR MEASURE OBJECTS.

2. AN INDUCTOR DEVELOPS A MAGNETIC FIELD WHEN A

CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH IT; ALTERNATIVELY, A CURRENT
WILL FLOW THROUGH A CIRCUIT CONTAINING AN INDUCTOR
WHEN THE MAGNETIC FIELD THROUGH IT CHANGES.

3. THIS EFFECT CAN BE USED TO DETECT METALLIC OBJECTS

THAT INTERACT WITH A MAGNETIC FIELD, NON-METALLIC
SUBSTANCES SUCH AS LIQUIDS OR SOME KINDS OF DIRT DO
NOT INTERACT WITH THE MAGNETIC FIELD, SO AN INDUCTIVE
SENSOR CAN OPERATE IN WET OR DIRTY CONDITIONS.
 Applications
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1. INDUCTIVE SENSORS CONSTITUTE THE MAIN ELEMENT
TO BUILD A SEARCH COIL MAGNETOMETER, ALSO
KNOWN AS A SEARCH COIL, THESE ARE USED IN MANY
FIELDS OF RESEARCH: MAGNETOTELLURICS,
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES MEASUREMENT, SPACE
MAGNETOMETERS TO INVESTIGATE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN SPACE PLASMA AS WELL
AS NATURAL ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
OBSERVATIONS ON EARTH.

2. COMMON APPLICATIONS OF INDUCTIVE SENSORS

INCLUDE METAL DETECTORS, TRAFFIC LIGHTS, CAR
WASHES, AND A HOST OF AUTOMATED INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES.
Eddy Current Sensors
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 22
1. CONSIST A PROBE CONTAINING COIL EXCITED AT HIGH
FREQUENCY (1MHZ).

2. BECAUSE OF THE HIGH FREQUENCY OF EXCITATION,

EDDY CURRENTS ARE INDUCED ONLY IN THE SURFACE
OF THE TARGET AND THE CURRENT MAGNITUDE
REDUCES TO ALMOST ZERO A SHORT DISTANCE INSIDE
THE TARGET.

3. EDDY CURRENTS ALTER THE INDUCTANCE OF THE

PROBE, THIS CHANGE CAN BE TRANSLATED INTO A D.C.
VOLTAGE OUTPUT THAT IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PROBE AND THE TARGET.
 Applications
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1. ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE MATERIALS ARE TESTED
WITH EDDY CURRENT SENSORS.

2. THE SENSORS ARE USED FOR CONTACT-FREE

MEASUREMENT OF STATIC TO HIGHLY DYNAMIC
MOVEMENTS.

3. THEY ARE ALSO IDEAL FOR USE IN CONTAMINATED

ENVIRONMENTS BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT SENSITIVE TO
OIL, DIRT, WATER OR ELECTROMAGNETIC
INTERFERENCE, ETC..
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 References 25
BOOKS - SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS BY D PATRANABIS

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