PHYS 172: Modern Mechanics Summer 2012

Lecture 15 – Multiparticle Systems Read 9.1 – 9.2

 Quantizing two interacting atoms

Classical harmonic oscillator: Quantum harmonic oscillator:

U = (1/2)kss2 U = (1/2)kss2

E2 = 2 w0 + E0
E1 = w0 + E0
ks
w0 = E0 = 12 w 0
m ground state
equidistant spacing

E = 12 mv 2 + 12 kx 2 = 12 kAmax
2 w0 = k s / m
h -
= = 1.05 ｴ10 34 J s
Any value of A is allowed 2p
And any E is possible.
Energy levels:
EN = N w 0 + 12 w 0
 Time to Throw Things

BALL

BATON

We need to understand Center of Mass

 The Center of Mass

This is a weighted average

of the positions -- each position
appears in proportion
to its mass

where
 The Center of Mass

m1r1 + m2r2 + m3 r3 + …
rcm =
m1 + m2 + m3 + …

r3

r1
rcm

r2
 Motion of the Center of Mass

1) Take one time derivative:

Same as:

(Good!)
 Motion of the Center of Mass

1) Take a second time derivative:

This says that the motion of the center of mass looks just like what would
happen if all forces were applied to the total mass, as a point particle
located at the center of mass position!
 Motion of the Center of Mass

This says that the motion of the

center of mass looks just like what
would happen if all forces were
applied to the total mass, as a point
particle located at the center of
mass position.

dPtotal
F ne t ,ex t =M tota la cm =
dt

Center of Mass
 Center of Mass Motion

Same Tension.
Which puck will move faster?

dPtot
» M acm = Fnet ,surr
dt
The centers of mass experience
the same acceleration!

HOWEVER: Hand #2 has to pull the string farther: W2 > W1.

Where does this energy go?
Rotational energy. The bottom spool is spinning.
Question for Discussion
Question for Discussion
 Clicker Question
Through what distance did the force act on the Point Particle system?
Equal masses

A) 0.03 m B) 0.04 m C) 0.07 m D) 0.08 m E) 0.10 m

 Clicker Question
Through what distance did the force act on the Real system?

Equal masses

A) 0.03 m B) 0.04 m C) 0.07 m D) 0.08 m E) 0.10 m

 Clicker Question
Which is the energy equation for the Point Particle system?
Equal masses

A) Ktrans = F*(0.07 m)
B) Ktrans = F*(0.08 m)
C) Ktrans + Kvib + Uspring = F*(0.07 m)
D) Ktrans + Kvib + Uspring = F*(0.08 m)
 Kinetic energy of a multiparticle system

Translational, motion of center of mass

Motion of parts relative to center of mass

Ktot = Ktrans + K rel

Krel = Kvib + Krot

Rotation about center of mass

Vibration
 Translational kinetic energy

Ktot = Ktrans + K rel

Krel = Kvib + Krot

Translational kinetic energy: MvCM

2
Ptot2
(motion of center of mass) Ktrans = = (nonrelativistic case)
2 2M

Clicker:
A system is initially at rest and consists of a man with a bottle sitting on ice
(ignore friction). The man then throws the bottle away as shown.

The velocity of the center of mass vcm will be:

A) Zero
B) Directed to right
C) Directed to left
dPtot
= Fnet ,ext
dt
http://www.punchstock.com/asset_images/95652058
 Translational kinetic energy

Ktot = Ktrans + K rel

Krel = Kvib + Krot

Translational kinetic energy: MvCM

2

(motion of center of mass) Ktrans = (nonrelativistic case)

2

Clicker:
A system is initially at rest and consists of a man with a bottle sitting on ice
(ignore friction). The man then throws a bottle away as shown.

The translational kinetic energy of the system will be:

A) Zero
B) > 0
C) < 0

http://www.punchstock.com/asset_images/95652058
 Vibrational kinetic energy

- Net momentum = 0
- Energy is constant (sum of elastic energy
and kinetic energy)

Evib = Kvib + U spring

1 1 2
Etot = Mvcm + K vib + ks + 2mc 2
2

2 2
 Rotational kinetic energy

- Net momentum = 0
- Energy is constant
Erot = K rot
Motion around of center of mass
 Rotation and vibration
pi
N
pi2 N æ p2 + p 2
ö
K rel =å = å çç tan,i rad ,i
÷÷
i =1 2mi i =1 è 2mi ø
N æ ptan,
2
ö N æ p2 ö
K rel = å çç i
÷÷ + å çç
rad ,i
÷÷
CM i =1 è 2mi ø i =1 è 2mi ø

K rot º K vib º

Rotation and vibration and translation

1 2 1
Etot = Mvcm + K rot + Kvib + ks 2 + 2mc 2
2 2
Gravitational potential energy of a multiparticle system

U g = m1 gy1 + m2 gy2 + m3 gy3 + ...

U g = (m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3 + ...) g
= Mycm

U g = Mgycm Gravitational
energy near the
Earth’s surface

ycm
 Example: Rotation and translation

Ktot = Ktrans + Krot

Assume all mass
is in the rim
1
Mvcm
2
1
2 Mvrel
2

2
1 1
EXAMPLE: Ktot = Mvcm
2
+ Mvrel
2

2 2

Energy principle:
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Mvcm,i + Mvrel ,i + Mgycm,i = Mvcm, f + Mvrel , f + Mgycm, f
2 2 2 2
vcm = vrel
=0 =0
Mg Dycm = Mvcm
2
,f