Retail Democracy

Governance, Management& Society

Basic
Components of
Society
• According to Robert
Morrison MacIver,
“Society is a web of
social relationships.”
• Society is the
combination of norms,
customs, laws and social
relations.
• Social relationships exist
between humans beings.
• Humans are basis of
every society.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society
Basic Features of
Society
• Society includes the
continuous interaction
between the people living
in that society.
• Modern Societies have
passed through long
process of development
and progress.
• Mainly there are two
types of societies;
- Pre-industrial
- Industrial
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society
Basic Features of
Society
• Pre-Industrial Society
was;
- Existent before
Industrial Revolution
(1760-1840).
- Simple in terms of
technology.
- Mostly Agrarian
society.
- Low in division of
work and
specialization.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society
Basic Features of
Society
• Industrial Society was;
- Existent after
Industrial Revolution
(1760-1840).
- Specialized in terms
of technology.
- Led towards high
economic activities
and urbanization.
- High in division of
work and
specialization.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society
Basic Features of
Society
• Industrial Society
promoted cultural
diversity due to rapid
movement of people from
one place to other.
• There are different
features of society;
- Likeness
- Awareness
- Differences
- Interdependence
- Cooperation
- Conflict
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society
Likeness
• According to Robert
Morrison MacIver,
Likeness is basic and
important feature of
society.
• It includes similarity
between one another in
terms of thoughts,
opinions, liking and
disliking.
• It promotes understanding
of one and other in the
society.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Likeness

• Likeness gives birth to

friendships, associations,
institutions and many
other social relationships
of this nature.
• Likeness focused mainly
on blood relations, tribal
affinities and kinships in
primitive societies.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Likeness

• It has changed in modern

societies.
• It is now more focused on
similar traditions,
customs and folkways.
• It stimulates group
feelings within the people
of same thoughts and
opinions.
• Likeness leads towards
mutuality which shapes
society.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Awareness
• Awareness is linked with
likeness.
• People are aware of those
who are similar or mutual
with one another.
• Likewise, human beings
of society also aware of
those who are dissimilar
or unlike to them.
• It creates awareness
among the members of
society.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Awareness

• Liking and disliking of

members of society lead
towards social growth.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Difference
s
• Society possesses
difference.
• Similar individuals would
limit the social
relationship.
• People differ from one
another in their attitude
ability, talent, personality.
• People peruse different
activities because of these
differences.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Difference
s
• Diversity and variation is
important for societal
progress and
development.
• Culture of society
prospers with the
differences in thoughts
ideals and viewpoints.
• Nature has promoted
diversity by creating
dissimilar human beings.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Difference
s
• Life would be boring,
monotonous and
uninteresting without
differences.
• Differences create the great
social institution like
conflicting management
mechanism to resolve the
differences.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Interdependence

• According to Greek
philosopher, Aristotle,
“Man is a social animal.”
• Human beings as social
animal are dependent on
another for their survival.
• No individual is self
sufficient.
• Interdependence is an
essential feature of society.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Interdependence
• Human beings are depended
on another for their basic
needs and necessities like
food, shelter, security etc.
• Interdependence has
increased manifold in
modern and industrial
societies.
• Like individuals; groups,
institutions and communities
also depend on each other.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Interdependence

• No one can survive in

isolation.
• Family is a primary and vital
institution of society.
• It is a perfect example of
interdependence.
• Likewise, there are political,
economic and religious
institutions which are
mutually reliant on another.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Interdependence

• Interdependence is very
much observable in modern
world.
• Social groups, nations,
countries and even continents
are interdependent.
• Interdependence is
significant for sustainable
development of society and
state.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Cooperation

• According to sociologists,
Cooperation is principally
essential for constituting a
society.
• Peter Kropotkin has claimed
that it is difficult for society
to survive without
cooperation.
• C.H. Cooley has related
cooperation with the
common interests of people.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Cooperation

• Cooperation is basic form of

human contact and
association.
• Cooperation avoids mutual
destructiveness and violence
in the society.
• It promotes welfare of the
members of society.
• It is considered as the basic
necessity of life.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Conflict

• Conflict is ever present

concept in human society.
• According to social
philosophers, conflict is
essential for the formation
and constitution of society.
• Sociologists consider conflict
meaningful for cooperation.
• Conflict is essential for
healthy societies.
 Retail Democracy
Governance, Management& Society

Conflict

• Conflict creates awareness in

the societies.
• Societal conflicts bring
creativity and innovation.
• Conflicts promote people as
well as societal development
by challenging old practices
of the society.
• It brings maturity in the
society.