Algebra

Topics:

 Matrix
 Equality of Matrices
 Types of Matrix
 Matrix Operations
 Determinants of Matrix
 Carmer’s rules (Determinant Method)
 Applications
Matrix
A rectangular arrangement of mn numbers
into m horizontal rows and n vertical
columns enclosed by a pair of brackets [],
such as
a11 ,, a1n 
a 21 ,, a 2n 
A    A ij
   
am1 ,, amn 
 
 Equality of Matrices
Two Matrices A and B are said to be equal,
written A=B, if they are of the same order and
if all corresponding entries are equal

5 1 0  2  3 1 0 
A  B 
 2 3 4   2 3 2 x 2
 Row Matrix
A Matrix that has exactly one row is called Row
Matrix

A  a1 a 2 ,, an    aj
 

[1 x n] matrix
Column Matrix
A Matrix consisting of a single column is called
Column Matrix

a1 
a 2 
A      ai
 
 
am 
[m x 1] matrix
Square Matrix
An m X n matrix is said to be square matrix
of order n if m=n

5 4 7
B  3 6 1 
 
2 1 3 
Same number of rows and columns
Identity Matrix
A Square matrix is said to be identity matrix
or unit matrix if all its main diagonal
elements are 1’s and all other entries are 0’s.

1 0 0 0 
0 1 0 0 
I   
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1
Triangular Matrix
A square matrix is said to be an upper
(lower) triangular matrix if all the elements
below(above) the main diagonal are zeros.

5 4 7  5 0 0

B  0 6 1    
C  1 6 0
0 0 3   2 4 3 
Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix is said to be diagonal if
each of its entries not falling on the main
diagonal is zero.
5 0 0

B  0 0 0  
0 0 3 
Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix whoes all the diagonal
elements are equal is called a Scalar matrix

5 0 0

B  0 5 0  
0 0 5 
Transpose Matrix

Rows become columns and columns

become rows

a11 a 21 ,, am1 

a12 a 22 ,, am 2 
A'  
     
 
a1n a 2n ,, amn 
Matrix Operations
 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Inverse
Addition

1 2 5 6
3 4
+ 7 8
=

A + B =
Addition

1 2 5 6 6 8

3 4
+ 7 8
= 10 12

A + B = C
Addition Conformability
To add two matrices A and B:

 # of rows in A = # of rows in B

 # of columns in A = # of columns in
B

Two Matrices of same order

Subtraction

5 6 1 2

7 8
- 3 4
=

B - A =
Subtraction

5 6 1 2 4 4

7 8
- 3 4
= 4 4

B - A = C
Subtraction Conformability
 To subtract two matrices A and B:

 # of rows in A = # of rows in B

 # of columns in A = # of columns in
B

Two Matrices of same order

 Problem: 1
 An automobile dealer sells two car models,
standard and deluxe. Each is available in one of
two colors, white and red. His sales for the months
of January & February are given by the matrices
Jan: Standard Deluxe
White 2 1
Red 3 4

Feb: Standard Deluxe

White 3 1
Red 2 3

Find his total sales for each model and color for both
months.
Problem 2:
Three persons buy cold drinks of different
brands A, B & C. The first person buys 12
bottles of A, 5 bottles of B & 3 bottles of C.
The second person buys 4 bottles of A, 6
bottles of B & 10 bottles of C. The third
person buys 6 bottles of A, 7 bottles of B & 9
bottles of C. Represent these information in
the form of a matrix. If each bottle of brand
A costs Rs.4, Each of B costs Rs. 5 and each
of C costs Rs. 6, then using matrix
operations. Find the total sum of money
spent individually by the three persons for
the purchase of cold drinks.
Multiplication Conformability
 Regular Multiplication

 To multiply two matrices A and B:

 # of columns in A = # of rows in B

 Multiply: A (m x n) by B (n by p)
Multiplication General Formula

n
C i j = k=1  A i k x B kj
Multiplication I

5 6 1 2
7 8
x 3 4
=

A x B =
Multiplication II
5 6 1 2 (5x1)

7 8
x 3 4
=

A x B = C
n

C 11
= Ak=1 11
x B 11
Multiplication III
5 6 1 2 (5x1)+ (6x3)

7 8
x 3 4
=

A x B = C
n

C 11
= Ak=2 12
x B 21
Multiplication IV
5 6 1 2 23 ( 5 x 2 )+ ( 6 x 4 )

7 8
x 3 4
=

A x B = C
n

C 12
= A
k=1 1k
x B k2
Multiplication V
5 6 1 2 23 34

7 8
x 3 4
= ( 7 x 1 )+ ( 8 x 3 )

A x B = C
n

C 21
= A
k=1 2k
x B k1
Multiplication VI
5 6 1 2 23 34

7 8
x 3 4
= 31 ( 7 x 2 )+ ( 8 x 4 )

A x B = C
n

C 22
= A
k=1 2k
x B k2
Multiplication VII

5 6 1 2 23 34

7 8
x 3 4
= 31 46

A x B = C
m x n nx p m x p
DETERMINANTS OF A 3 X 3 MATRIX
 a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3

b2 c2 b1 c1 b1 c1
= a1 – a2 + a3
b3 c3 b3 c3 b2 c2

= a1  b2 c3  b3c2  – a2  b1c3  b3c1  + a3  b1c2  b2 c1 

= a1  b2c3  b3c2  + a2 (1)  b1c3  b3c1  + a3  b1c2  b2 c1 

= a1 A1 + a2 A2 + a3 A3
 5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

2 3
= 5
1 4
 5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

2 3 1 2
= 5 – (3)
1 4 1 4
 5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

2 3 1 2 1 2
= 5 – (3) + 8
1 4 1 4 2 3
 5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

2 3 1 2 1 2
= 5 – (3) + 8
1 4 1 4 2 3

= 5  8  (3)  – (3)  4  2  + 8  3  (4) 

 5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

2 3 1 2 1 2
= 5 – (3) + 8
1 4 1 4 2 3

= 5  8  (3)  – (3)  4  2  + 8  3  (4) 

= 55 – (6) + 56
 5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

2 3 1 2 1 2
= 5 – (3) + 8
1 4 1 4 2 3

= 5  8  (3)  – (3)  4  2  + 8  3  (4) 

= 55 – (6) + 56

= 117
 Problem 2:

 The annual sale volumes of three products X, Y, Z

whoes sales prices per unit are Rs.3.50, Rs.
2.75,Rs.1.50 respectively, in two different
markets I & II are shown below:
Product
Market X Y Z
I 6000 9000 13000
II 12000 6000 17000
Find the total revenue in each market with the help
of matrices.
Unary Operations: Inverse
 Inverse of (2 x 2) matrix
 Find determinant
 Swap a11 and a22
 Change signs of a12 and a21
 Divide each element by determinant
 Check by pre- or post-multiplying by
inverse
Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix
 Find the determinant
= (a11 x a22) - (a21 x a12)
For

A
2 5
= 1 3

det(A) = (2x3) – (1x5) = 1

Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix
 Swap elements a11 and a22
Thus

A
2 5
= 1 3
becomes

3 5
1 2
Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix
 Change sign of a12 and a21
Thus

A
3 5
= 1 2
becomes

3 -5
-1 2
Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix
 Divide every element by the determinant
Thus

A
3 -5
= -1 2

becomes

3 -5
-1 2
(luckily the determinant was 1)
Inverse of 2 x 2 matrix
 Check results with A-1 A = I
Thus

3 -5 2 5
-1 2
x 1 3
equals

1 0
0 1
CRAMER’S RULE:
 Its an application of determinants is to solve a

system of linear equations in which number of

variables are equal to the number of equations
and the coefficient matrix of the system of
equations is non-singular
Problem 3:
a) X - 3Y + 4Z = 3
2X – 5Y + 7Z = 6
3X – 8Y + 11Z = 11