Chapter 2 DC MACHINES

V+
Stator
V+
Brush
N Assembly
S
Rotor
N

S
N Comutator
Stator V-

V-

Basic Construction
Motor types: The permanent-magnet DC
motor
A permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor is a
motor whose poles are made out of
permanent magnets.
Advantages:

1. Since no external field circuit is needed,

there are no field circuit copper losses;
2. Since no field windings are needed, these
motors can be considerable smaller.
Disadvantages:
1. Since permanent magnets produces weaker
flux densities then externally supported shunt
fields, such motors have lower induced torque.
2. There is always a risk of demagnetization from
extensive heating or from armature reaction
effects (via armature mmf).
 Construction of DC machine
Rotor is the rotating part - armature
Stator is the stationary part - field

Armature
coil

Brushes

Stator: non-moving coil

Rotor: rotating part
DC Brush Motors

• The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor.

• The rotor is the inner part which rotates.
• In the motor animations, red represents a magnet or winding with a
north polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a
south polarization. Opposite, red and green, polarities attract.

• A “commutator” brings current to the moving element (the rotor).

• As the rotor moves, the polarity changes, which keeps the magnets
pulling the right way.
• Highly controllable, most common DC motor.
DC machine basics
DC Machine Construction

Figure 1 General arrangement of a dc machine

 ROTATING DC MACHINES
The basic principles of rotating dc machines are
the same as those of the linear dc machine.
 DC Machine Construction

Figure DC motor stator

with poles visible.

Figure Cutaway view of

a dc motor.
 Commutation
• A commutator is made up of a series of segments which are
conductors separated by thin pieces of an insulator such as mica.
 ARMATURE
• More loops of wire = higher rectified voltage
• In practical, loops are generally placed in slots of an iron core
• The iron acts as a magnetic conductor by providing a low-reluctance path for
magnetic lines of flux to increase the inductance of the loops and provide a higher
induced voltage.
• The commutator is connected to the slotted iron core.
• The entire assembly of iron core, commutator, and windings is called the armature.
• The windings of armatures are connected in different ways depending on the
requirements of the machine.

Loops of wire are wound around slot in a metal core DC machine armature
MACHINE WINDINGS OVERVIEW
Winding

armature field

Self excited Separately

Excited
Wave Lap Frogleg
a=2 a=p

series shunt compound

 Lap Winding of a DC Wave Winding of a DC
Machine Machine

• Used in high current low voltage circuits • Used in high voltage low current circuits
• Number of parallel paths equals number • Number of parallel paths always equals 2
of brushes or poles
 ARMATURE WINDINGS
• Lap Wound Armatures
– are used in machines designed for low voltage and high current
– armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current
– Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles
– The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel.
This permits the current capacity of each winding to be added and
provides a higher operating current
– No of current path, a=p ; p=no of poles
 ARMATURE WINDINGS (Cont)
• Wave Wound Armatures
– are used in machines designed for high voltage and low current
– their windings connected in series
– When the windings are connected in series, the voltage of each
winding adds, but the current capacity remains the same
– are used is in the small generator in hand-cranked megohmmeters
– No of current path, a=2
 DC Generator
• The power flows in electric machines are reversible.
• To operate machine as motor supply electric power
to get mechanical power.
• To operate as generator supply mechanical power to
generate electrical power.
• To operate DC machine as generator remove DC
voltage supply and externally rotate shaft
• Conductor moving through (cutting lines of)
magnetic flux induces voltage and/or current.
 Basic DC Generator
Lorentz Force Law:
F=IxB
N S
F = force on wire
I = current
B = magnetic field

Right hand rule:

index finger along I,
middle finger along B,
thumb along F
DC Generator
• The output voltage
always has the same
polarity
• The current is a pulsating
current
• To produce a steady
current, many loops and
commutators around the
axis of rotation are used
– The multiple outputs
are superimposed
and the output is
almost free of
fluctuations
 DC Generators
• Armature windings on rotor
– Commutator rings used to mechanically reverse the armature coil
connection to the external circuit
– EMF developed across the brushes becomes a DC voltage/current
(pulsating and unidirectional)
 THE ELEMENTARY DC GENERATOR
• Observes
– The meter direction
– The conductors of the armature loop
– Direction of the current flow
 DC generator with DC generator rotor with
commutator and brushes. two coils.

DC generator output Coil and output waveforms for a two-

waveform. winding rotor.
 Effects of additional coils
• When more than one loop is used, the
average output voltage is higher and
there is less pulsation of the rectified
voltage.
• Since there are four segments in the
commutator, a new segment passes each
brush every 900 instead of every 1800.
• Since there are now four commutator
segments in the commutator and only
two brushes, the voltage cannot fall any
lower than at point A.
• Therefore, the ripple is limited to the rise
and fall between points A and B on the
graph. By adding more armature coils,
Effects of additional coils
the ripple effect can be further reduced.
Decreasing ripple in this way increases
the effective voltage of the output.
 DC MOTORS
 Similar in construction to DC generators
 A DC generator may be made to act as a DC motor by
applying a suitable voltage across its output terminals (a
DC motor acts as a DC generator operating in reverse)
 Operates based on the principle that a current carrying
conductor placed in, and at right angles to, a magnetic
field tends to move in a direction perpendicular to the
magnetic lines of force (left-hand rule)
 DC Motors
• Essentially the same in
construction as DC
generator
• Based on principle that
current carrying
conductor placed at a
right angle to a magnetic
field tends to move in a
direction perpendicular
to magnetic lines of flux
• Only need to change
relative voltage to go
between generator
motor