Internal

Combustion
Fundamentals

Prof. (Dr.) M P Poonia

Director
NITTTR, Chandigarh
AIR STANDARD
CYCLE
Pressure‐volume graphs for
thermodynamic processes:
(a) isobaric, (b) isothermal,
(c) adiabatic, (d) isochoric.
AIR STANDARD
CYCLE
Air standard cycles are
idealized cycles based on
the following approximations:
- the working fluid is air (ideal gas)
- all the processes are
internally reversible
- the combustion process is replaced
by heat input from external source
- heat rejection is used to restore fluid
to initial state
Specific Heat

Movable
Piston Gas at
Constant
Pressure
Gas

Heat
EFFECT OF
SPECIFIC HEAT

1-2-3-4 Constant Specific Heat

1-2”-3”-4” Variable Specific Heat
P

V
A: FRatio
A: FRatio

Excess Fuel ExcessAir

 EFFECT OF
DISSOCIATION

P Tmax

V
Actual Cycles
POOR UTILISATION
OF HEAT
Typical heat balance of an engine

Useful Output (Brake Power) 34%

Cooling Loss 30%
Exhaust Loss 26%
Friction, Radiation, etc. 10%
----------
Total Heat Input 100%
 PREMIXED vs
NON-PREMIXED
CHARGE ENGINES
Spark plug Flame front Fuel injector Fuel spr ay fla

F u e l + air m i x t u r e Ai r o n l y

Premixed charge Non-premixed charge

(gasoline) (Diesel)
IDEAL HEAT
ADDITION
 THE IDEAL
AIR STANDARD
OTTO CYCLE
ACTUAL HEAT
ADDITION
LOSSES IN
ACTUAL CYCLES
 Time Loss
 Heat Loss
 Blow down Loss
 Blow by Loss
 Rubbing Friction Loss
 Pumping Loss
TIME LOSS

Heat addition is not instantaneous,

and spread over a period (30 to 40
degrees of crankshaft revolution).
Therefore, Pmax is not at TDC, but just
after TDC.
Time loss depends upon flame
velocity which, in turn, again depends
on type of fuel used, A/F ratio, and
shape of combustion chamber.
HEAT LOSS

This is due to the transfer of heat

through water jackets & cooling fins.
Also, same heat is being transferred
during compression and expansion
processes.
Due to heat loss, temperature (Tmax)
decreases, and specific heat gets
reduced. This decreases the
efficiency.
HEAT LOSS
BLOW DOWN LOSS
Blow down loss is due to
the early opening of
exhaust valves.
This results in drop in pressure,
and a loss of work output during
expansion stroke.
Too early opening results in loss of
expansion work.
Best compromise is between 40 – 60
bBDC.
BLOW DOWN LOSS
BLOW BYE LOSSES
 RUBBING FRICTION LOSS
Rubbingfriction loss is due to friction
between the piston and chamber walls,
friction in various bearings and also
includes the energy spent in operating
various auxiliary equipments such as
cooling fans water pumps etc.
The piston ring friction increases rapidly
with engine speed. It also increases to a
small extent with increase in mean
effective pressure. The bearing friction
and the auxiliary friction also increase
with engine speed.
PUMPING LOSS
 LOSSES DURING
CYCLE
Combustion Loss

Heat Transfer Loss

P Blow Down
Loss

Pumping Loss
V
MAGNITUDE OF
LOSSES
Engine Load
MAGNITUDE OF LOSSES
FAQ

The actual efficiency of a good

engine is about ……… of the
estimated air fuel cycle efficiency.
a) 100%
b) 85%
c) 50%
d) 25
FAQ

Fuel air efficiency is

less than air standard
efficiency by an amount equal to
a) pumping loss
b) friction loss
c) loss due to specific heat and
chemical equilibrium
d) exhaust blow down loss
FAQ
Fuel air ratio affects
maximum power output of
the engine due to
a) higher specific heats
b) chemical equilibrium losses
c) all of the mentioned
d) none of the mentioned
FAQ
As compared to air cycle,
in actual working, the
effect of variation in
specific heats is to:
a) increase maximum pressure and
maximum temperature
b) reduce maximum pressure and
maximum temperature
c) increase maximum pressure and
decrease maximum temperature
d) none of the mentioned
Thanks