2 04 AccuracyAndPrecision82

WELCOME
Engineering Design :
“Accuracy & Precision”
Dr.N.Ramani
Principal
School of PG Studies
NTTF, Bangalore
Engineering Design : Datum
Datum :
• A reference point or line or surface from which all other
dimensions of a component are taken
• All other dimensions are said to be referred to the

datum
• Usually functionally important - plays some important
part in the operation of the ‘machine’ element
• Usually machined - may be a mating surface - or a
locating face between elements
• Dependent on what the elements do & how they interact
Engineering Design : Datum
Datum:
A
B
Engineering Design :Tolerancing
Tolerance:
• Allowable variation of a linear or angular
dimension about its perfect value
Resolution, Accuracy &

Precision Tolerance are close
cousins??
Engineering Design : Accuracy & Precision
Y Z
Drg Tol:
Cube 50 + / - 0.025
A machined steel cube of 50 mm Size

(milled & ground)
Accuracy:
• Let us measure the size of the cube using a
scale(Resolution?)
• A room of size 20’ 3.031”(??…Conditions of
measurement need to be specified at a level
commensurate with the accuracy implied . Temp.
changes? Gauge room in CMTI ?)
• Accuracy refers to the deviation of the measured from
the actual (Repeatability & reproducibility)
Measurement Precision:
• mil = ?
• Accuracy is generally constrained by the
resolution of the measuring equipment
Measurement Precision:
•Using a micrometer…….50.55 ; 50.50 ; …10
values & calculate the average as 50.525
• Calculate the standard deviation as 0.0175
• SD is a measure of the precision of the
measurements
• Are our measurements both Accurate &
Precise?
Precision:
• Somebody accidentally dropped the micrometer
• Micrometer is out of calibration!
• Our data is precise but not accurate, due to the
systemic error!
• Precision- a measure of how tightly clustered a
set of measurements are about their mean value.
The more tightly clustered the data, the more
precise the data. Does it tell us anything about
accuracy?
Accuracy:
• Accuracy is an indication of how close a
measurement is to the true value of something
• ‘Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle’ - No
measurement can ever be perfectly accurate
• The specification of an acceptable accuracy level
establishes the difficulty of measurement
• Loose specifications reject few or no parts, but may

result in sloppy products
• Tight tolerances may improve product quality, may
result in a flood of rejects & certainly would cost more
Cost
Tolerance
No. X dim Y dim Z dim

1 50.04 50.01 50.02
2 50.04 50.02 50.02
3 50.05 50.03 50.03
4 50.04 50.02 50.04
5 50.05 50.02 50.01
6 50.04 50.02 50.03
7 50.03 50.03 50.03
8 50.04 50.02 50.03
9 50.02 50.02 50.02
10 50.05 50.02 50.01
Mean 50.04 50.021 50.024
S.D 0.003 0.002 0.003
•Are the results precise?
•SDs are quite comparable & hence precise.
•Are the three set of data repeatable?
•No (Though ‘y’ & ‘z’ are quite near to each other)
•After measuring 1000s of cubes…….

Bull’s Eye = Target
Shooting Practice Board

Inaccurate & Imprecise

+ +
+
+ +
Accurate but Imprecise

+ +
+ +
Precise but Inaccurate

+ +
+ +
Accurate & Precise

+
+
+
+
+
Inaccurate & Imprecise
T X 6σ is too wide
+ +
+
+ +
Accurate but Imprecise
T=X 6σ is wide
+ +
+ +
Precise (6σ is small)

but Inaccurate (Away
from Target)
T X
+++
Accurate (on Target)

& Precise(Low 6σ)
T=X
Accuracy relates to….?

Measure for Accuracy?
Accuracy relates to the deviation

from the Target.
Measure for Accuracy = (X - T)
Precision relates to…..?

Measure of Precision ?
Precision relates to the

consistency / closeness /
repeatability of the results
Measure of Precision = σ
Class of Precision of manufacturing
processes:
1. Most Precise (e.g?)
2.
3.
4.
.
.
18. Least Precise (e.g?)
Class of Precision:
1. Most Precise (Lapping of Reference
Gauge Blocks)
2.
3.
4.
.
.
18. Least Precise (Gas Cutting)
Grades of Tolerances
economically Obtainable By
Production Processes
S.No. Process IT Grades
1 Lapping
1 Lapping 2 to 5
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
3 Superfinishing
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
3 Superfinishing 4 to 6
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
4 Cylindrical Grinding
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
4 Cylindrical Grinding 4 to 7
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
5 Surface Grinding
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
5 Surface Grinding 4 to 8
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
6 Fine Boring
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
6 Fine Boring 5 to 7
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
7 Boring
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
7 Boring 7 to 9
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
7 Boring 7 to 9
8 Reaming
1 Lapping 2 to 5
2 Honing 3 to 5
7 Boring 7 to 9
8 Reaming 5 to 9
9 Broaching
9 Broaching 5 to 9
9 Broaching 5 to 9
10 Diamond Turning
9 Broaching 5 to 9
10 Diamond Turning 4 to 7
9 Broaching 5 to 9
11 Fine Blanking
9 Broaching 5 to 9
11 Fine Blanking 4 to 8
9 Broaching 5 to 9
12 Turning
9 Broaching 5 to 9
12 Turning 7 to 12
9 Broaching 5 to 9
12 Turning 7 to 12
13 Sintering
9 Broaching 5 to 9
12 Turning 7 to 12
13 Sintering 8 to 10
9 Broaching 5 to 9
12 Turning 7 to 12
14 Milling
9 Broaching 5 to 9
12 Turning 7 to 12
14 Milling 9 to 13
9 Broaching 5 to 9
12 Turning 7 to 12
14 Milling 9 to 13
15 Shaping
9 Broaching 5 to 9
12 Turning 7 to 12
14 Milling 9 to 13
15 Shaping 10 to 14
16 Drilling
16 Drilling 11 to 14
17 Extrusion
17 Extrusion 10 to 13
18 Drawing
18 Drawing 10 to 14
18 Drawing 10 to 14
19 Blanking
18 Drawing 10 to 14
19 Blanking 12 to 18
18 Drawing 10 to 14
20 Die Casting
18 Drawing 10 to 14
20 Die Casting 12 to 15
18 Drawing 10 to 14
21 Casting
18 Drawing 10 to 14
21 Casting 14 to 18
18 Drawing 10 to 14
21 Casting 14 to 18
22 Forging
18 Drawing 10 to 14
21 Casting 14 to 18
22 Forging 12 to 16
A plot of the % of measurements falling within
a given error versus the magnitude of the error is
known as ‘Cumulative Error Distribution’ CED
100%
90%
% of
Measurements
within € %
Error 0.04
CED:
• The tighter the tolerance or maximum permissible error,
the smaller the % of measurements that one could expect
to stay within the spec, guarding against unrealistic
expectation
• Establishes the confidence limits for a given
specification
• Random errors are Gaussian in nature
100%
90%
68%
% of
Measurements
within ε %
σ ε 90 = 1.645 σ
Error 0.04
ε (90) = Epsilon ninety = 1.645 σ

The value of ε (90) = Tolerance value that will result in a
90% confidence limit for all measurements
THANK YOU

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WELCOME

• All other dimensions are said to be referred to the

Resolution, Accuracy &

A machined steel cube of 50 mm Size

• Loose specifications reject few or no parts, but may

No. X dim Y dim Z dim

•After measuring 1000s of cubes…….

Bull’s Eye = Target

Shooting Practice Board

Inaccurate & Imprecise

Accurate but Imprecise

Precise but Inaccurate

Accurate & Precise

Inaccurate & Imprecise

Accurate but Imprecise

Precise (6σ is small)

Accurate (on Target)

Accuracy relates to….?

Accuracy relates to the deviation

Precision relates to…..?

Precision relates to the

ε (90) = Epsilon ninety = 1.645 σ

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