Lecture: 03 ARK 413: Town Planning

Town Planning during Mughal Period

Lecture: 03 ARK 413: Town Planning

Town Planning during Mughal Period

The Indian History after the decline of
Maurya and Gupta emperors from 6th
century AD to the time of Mughals of 16th
century AD was full of invasions from
outside rulers and petty wars between
small kingdoms.
Cities and towns boomed under the
Mughals; however, for the most part, they
were military and political centers, not
manufacturing or commerce centers. Only
those guilds which produced goods for the
bureaucracy made goods in the towns;
most industry was based in rural areas. The
Mughals also built Maktabs in every
province under their authority, where youth
were taught the Quran and Islamic law such
as the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri in their indigenous
languages.
During this period Urban planning was
limited to the well fortified capital cities like
Jaisalmer in Rajasthan and Golconda in
Andhra Pradesh.
The Mughal Kings were fond of luxurious
life style. The palaces, forts, mosques,
tombs, monumental buildings and beautiful
gardens have a distinctive style of their
own.
Lecture: 03 ARK 413: Town Planning

Town Planning during Mughal Period

Babur in India: 1526-1530

Humayun: 1530-1556
Akbar: 1556-1605 (Fatehpur Sikri: 1571-1585)
Jahangir: 1605-1627
Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb: 1627-1707 (Shahjahanabad 1638-48),
The Moghuls after Aurangzeb: 18th century
 Lecture: 03 ARK 413: Town Planning

Town Planning during Mughal Period

The Jaipur in Rajesthan can be described as the sole example of a planned city during this period. The city was
build Rajput king Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh in 1727. He brought prosperity to his kingdom by maintaining cordial
relations with the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Jai Singh’s interest in astronomy, arts and ancient scripts inspired
the plan of jaipur. Vidyadhar Bhattacharya was his Architect.
The site was located in the valley formed by hills to the north and east. The city was designed on a grid-iron
pattern with octagonal clustering of square sectors. The major east-west road and three nprth-west roads divide
the city into 8 district sectors known as ‘chowkris’. Different zones of the city were planned in conformity with the
Vastushastra. Brahmins were alloted areas in the north, Kshatiyas in the east, Vaishyas in the South and Sudras in
the west. Pinkish stones were used for the building façades on the major roads, which brought the name of ‘Pink
City’ to Jaipur.
Lecture: 03 ARK 413: Town Planning

Modern Urban Planning

Lecture: 03 ARK 413: Town Planning

Modern Urban Planning

Industrial Revolution & It’s Impact:

• Industrial revolution from late 18th century onwards may be taken as a cut-off line between ancient and
modern urban planning. Industrialization was a boon to the growing population all over the world.

• Inventions like elevators and automobiles have dramatically changed the shape and size of our cities.
Industrialization changed the production and consumption pattern in the society.

• Many departments and branches of various professionals were opened in the cities without caring the
integration of their activities for proper city development. This is visible in the misuse of land in the shape of
buildings and roads.

• The profit motive and commercial outlook become part of the struggle for human existence. When
compared to the rural society, urban society demanded more punctuality and precision to meet obligations.
Money and brain, not spirit and heart, are the qualities needed for the urban resident for his survival.

• The problems arose mainly because of the concentration of working class people in poorly built housing
near the factories and mills. They were located near factories for proximity and lack of sufficient money for
commuting long distances. People were put near together in poor accommodation near the place of work
creating number of health and sanitary problems.
Lecture: 03 ARK 413: Town Planning

Modern Urban Planning

Modern Urban Planning Initatives:

• Industrial revolution from late 18th century onwards may be taken as a cut-off line between ancient and
modern urban planning. Industrialization was a boon to the growing population all over the world.

• Inventions like elevators and automobiles have dramatically changed the shape and size of our cities.
Industrialization changed the production and consumption pattern in the society.

• Many departments and branches of various professionals were opened in the cities without caring the
integration of their activities for proper city development. This is visible in the misuse of land in the shape of
buildings and roads.

• The profit motive and commercial outlook become part of the struggle for human existence. When
compared to the rural society, urban society demanded more punctuality and precision to meet obligations.
Money and brain, not spirit and heart, are the qualities needed for the urban resident for his survival.

• The problems arose mainly because of the concentration of working class people in poorly built housing
near the factories and mills. They were located near factories for proximity and lack of sufficient money for
commuting long distances. People were put near together in poor accommodation near the place of work
creating number of health and sanitary problems.
EBENEZER HOWARD:
•GARDEN CITY MOST POTENT PLANNING MODEL INWESTERN
URBAN PLANNING.

• CREATED BY EBENEZER HOWARD IN 1898 TO SOLVE URBAN

AND RURAL PROBLEMS.

• HOWARD READ WIDELY, INCLUDING EDWARD BELLAMY'S 1888

UTOPIAN NOVEL, LOOKING BACKWARD, AND HENRY GEORGE'S
ECONOMIC TREATISE,PROGRESS AND POVERTY AND THOUGHT
MUCH ABOUT SOCIAL ISSUES. HE DISLIKED THE WAY MODERN
CITIES WERE BEING DEVELOPED AND THOUGHT PEOPLE
SHOULD LIVE IN PLACES THAT SHOULD COMBINE THE BEST
ASPECTS OF BOTH CITIES AND TOWNS.

• THE ONLY PUBLICATION HE WROTE IN HIS LIFE WAS TITLED AS

GARDEN CITIES OF TOMORROW. THIS BOOK OFFERED A VISION
OF TOWNS FREE OF SLUMS AND ENJOYING THE BENEFITS OF
BOTH TOWN (SUCH ASOPPORTUNITY, AMUSEMENT AND GOOD
WAGES) AND COUNTRY (SUCH AS BEAUTY, FRESH AIR AND LOW
RENTS). HE ILLUSTRATED THE IDEA WITH HISFAMOUS
THREE MAGNETS.

• SOURCE OF MANY KEY PLANNING IDEAS DURING

20TH CENTURY.
GARDEN CITY CONCEPT –
• AN IMPRESSIVE DIAGRAM OF THE THREE MAGNETS
NAMELY THE TOWN MAGNET, THE COUNTRY MAGNET
WITH THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES AND
THE THIRD MAGNET WITH ATTRACTIVE FEATURES OF
BOTH TOWN AND COUNTRYLIFE.

• NATURALLY PEOPLE PREFFERED THE THIRD ONE

NAMELY GARDEN CITY
CORE GARDEN CITY
PRINCIPLES:
• STRONG COMMUNITY
• ORDERED DEVELOPMENT
• ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

THESE WERE TO BE ACHIEVED

BY :
• UNIFIED OWNERSHIP OF LAND TO
PREVENT INDIVIDUAL LAND.

• SPECULATION AND MAXIMIZE

COMMUNTIY BENEFITS.

• CAREFUL PLANNING TO PROVIDE

GENEROUS LIVING AND WORKING
SPACE WHILE MAINTAINING NATURAL
QUALITIES.

• SOCIAL MIX AND GOOD COMMUNITY

FACILITIES.

• LIMIT TO GROWTH OF EACH

GARDENCITY.

• LOCAL PARTICIPATION IN DECISION

ABOUT DEVELOPMENT
AFFORDABILITY:

• HOWARD WANTED GARDEN CITY FORALL INCOMES.

• IT IS AN IDEAL CITY INDUSTRY ISBALANCED WITH AGRICULTURE,HOUSING CAREFULLY DISTRIBUTED,AND

TRANSPORT RATIONALISED.

• HOWEVER, THE 32,000 INHABITANTSOF THIS GARDEN CITY ARE MOREMIXED, BY AGE, OCCUPATION
ANDABILITIES.

• A LONG WITH BRICKFIELDS, FACTORIES AND MARKETS ARE CHILDREN’S COTTAGE HOMES, INDUSTRIAL
SCHOOLS, ASYLUMS FOR THE BLIND AND DEAF. THIS IS A CITY FOR THE STRONG AND WEAK, AND WHERE
THE WEAK GROWIN STRENGTH.
APPLICATION
LETCHWORTH, ENGLAND, UK
• LETCHWORTH – 35 MILES FROM LONDON.
• LAND OF 3822 ACRES.
• RESERVED GREEN BELT – 1300 ACRES.
• DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM OF 35OOO POPULATION.
• IN 30 YEARS – DEVELOPED WITH 15000 POPULATION AND
150 SHOPS,INDUSTRIES.

• THE LAND USED WAS PURCHASED BY QUAKERS WHO HAD

INTENDED TO FARM THE AREA AND BUILD A QUAKER
COMMUNITY.

• THE TOWN WAS LAID OUT BY RAYMOND UNWIN AS A

DEMONSTRATION OF THE PRINCIPLES ESTABLISHED BY
EBENEZER HOWARD WHO SOUGHT TO CREATE AN
ALTERNATIVE TO THE INDUSTRIAL CITY BY COMBINING BE
BEST OF TOWN AND COUNTRY LIVING.

• IT IS ALSO HOME TO THE UNITED KINGDOM'S FIRST

ROUNDABOUT, WHICH WAS BUILT IN 1909.
WELWYN, UK
• WELWYN – 24 MILES FROM LONDON.

• LAND OF 2378 ACRES.

• DESIGNED FOR A MAXIMUM OF 40000

POPULATION.

• IN 15 YEARS – DEVELOPED WITH10000

POPULATION AND 50 SHOPS,INDUSTRIES.

WELWYN CITY
IS A TOWN WITHIN TH EWELWYN HATFIELD
BOROUGH OF HERTFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND.

• PLANNED BY LOUIS DESOISSONS 1921

• WELWYN GARDEN CITY WAS THE SECOND GARDEN

CITY IN ENGLAND (FOUNDED 1920) AND ONE OF THE
FIRST NEW TOWNS (DESIGNATED1948).

• IT IS UNIQUE IN BEING BOTH AGARDEN CITY AND A

NEW TOWN AND EXEMPLIFIES THE PHYSICAL, SOCIAL
AND CULTURAL PLANNING.
RADBURN LAYOUT IN USA:
•Radburn layout was inspired by Garden city concept . This layout was planned by Henry Wright
and Clarence Stejn.
•There are approximately 3,100 people in 670 families residing in Radburn. They live in 469
single-family homes, 48 townhouses, 30 two-family houses and a 93-unit apartment complex.
•Radburn's 149 acres (0.60 km2) include 23 acres (93,000 m2) of interior parks, four tennis
courts, three hardball fields, two softball fields, two swimming pools and an archery plaza. Young
children and their parents can make use of two toddler playgroup areas, two playgrounds and a
toddler bathing pool.
•There is also a community center which houses administrative offices, library, gymnasium,
clubroom, pre-school and maintenance shops.

•RADBURN’S PLANNING
1929 RADBURN CREATED
25000 PEOPLE
149 ACRES
430 SINGLE HOUSES
90 ROW HOUSES
54 SEMI ATTACHED HOUSES
93 APARTMENT UNIT

Map of north side section of the

Redburn