PSYCHOLOGY

EDUCATION

Individual Differences that Cause Differences in Learning

Processes and Outcomes
Arranged by:
• Infinity One Group
- Grace D M Naibaho
- Heryanto Damanik
- Nursyahadah
- Patricia R Sinabutar
- Raivita J Nainggolan
 What’s Individual?

• In Echols & Shadaly dictionaries (1975) ,

individuals are nouns from individuals which
mean people, individuals and individuals.
• Whereas according to the Indonesian dictionary
large (KBBI) , the individual means someoane's
personal: person pribadi (apart from the others).
 Individual Differences

The Meaning of Individual Differences in

generally
• “Psychology of individual differences
tests and explains how each person is
different in thinking, feeling, and acting”.
• According to Lindgren (1980) the meaning of
"differences" and "individual differences"
concerns the variations that occur, both physical
and psychological variations.
• Individual differences according to Chaplin
(1995: 244) are "any quantitative traits or
differences in a trait, which can distinguish one
individual from another individual".
• According to Gerry (1963) in the book on the Development
of Students by Sunarto and B. Agung Hartono categorizing
individual differences as follows:

1. Physical differences, level and weight, just sex, hearing,

vision,
and ability to act.
2. Social differences include economic status, religion, family
relations, and ethnicity.
3. Personality differences include character, motives, interests,
and attitudes.
4. Differences in intelligence and basic abilities (schemes).
5. Differences in skills or intelligence at school in achieving new
knowledge.
 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE
FACTORS

1. Congenital or genetic factors

Congenital factors are biological factors that are carried out
through genetic inheritance by parents.
Gene differences are one reason why each individual is
different from other individuals, both physically,
psychologically, and behavior even though they are their own
siblings. Besides the remaining genetic factors are influenced
by the environment, because each individual is never in the
exact same environment (Zimbardo & Gerig, (1999).
2. Environmental factors
Environment refers to everything that happens
outside the individual.
These factors include:
a) The socio economic status and parenting style of
parents, including the level of parental education,
the work of parents, and parents' income.
b) Culture
Culture is thought, reason, human work, or can
also be defined as customs.
• c) Birth Order
Alfred Adler's theory was the first to study the
relationship between birth order and personality.
Adler strongly believes that the sequence of births
between siblings can have a lasting and strong effect
on his personality.
According to Adler, birth orde influences the way a
person handles a problem and factors such as
decision making, communication and dealing with
others.
 KINDS OF INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES

Intelligence
20th century English novelist Aldous Huxley said
that children are great at curiosity and intelligence.
What does Huxley mean when he uses the word
intelligence? Intelligence is one of our most valuable
possessions, but even the most intelligent people
disagree about what intelligence is.
Howard Gardner (1983,1993, 2002) presents eight frame of mind
regarding multiple
ntellegence:
a. Verbal skills
The ability to think in words and use language to express
meaning.
b. Spiritual / existential skills
The skills, abilities and behaviors needed to develop and
maintain relationships with the main source (God Almighty) of all
things.
c. Mathematical logic skills
Ability to complete mathematical operations
d. Spatial expertise
The ability to think three dimensions. The ability to see space
and buildings. This intelligence has the potential to become an
architect, engineer and others.
e. Kinesthetic expertise
The ability to manipulate objects and intelligence in matters
relating to the physical.
f. Musical expertise
The ability to understand tones, melodies, rhythms, and sounds.
g. Intrapersonal expertise
The ability to understand yourself and organize your life
effectively.
h. Interpersonal skills
The ability to understand and interact effectively with others.
i. Naturalist expertise
The ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural
systems and man-made systems.
IMPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
IN LEARNING PROCESSES

• 1. Acceleration Program
• 2. Remidial
• 3. Enrichment Program
 INDIVIDUAL AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
• the individual means someoane's personal: person pribadi (apart from the
others).
• “Psychology of individual differences tests and explains how each
person is different in thinking, feeling, and acting”.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE
FACTORS
CONCLUTION
• 1. Congenital or genetic factors
IS:
• 2. Environmental factors
KINDS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
• 1. Intelligence, Spiritual, and emotional
IMPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN LEARNING
PROCESSES
• 1. Acceleration Program
• 2. Remidial
• 3. Enrichment Program
Fighting Regard,

Infinity One