ANALYZE INTERNAL LOADING DEVELOPED IN

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
AXIAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT
Unlike trusses, whose members are always subjected to only axial forces, the members of rigid
frames and beams may be subjected to shear forces and bending moments as well as axial forces
under the action of external loads.
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT

The internal axial force Q at any section of a beam is

equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the
algebraic sum (resultant) of the components in the direction
parallel to the axis of the beam

The shear S at any section of a beam is equal in magnitude but

opposite in direction to the algebraic sum (resultant) of the
components in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the
beam

The bending moment M at any section of a beam is equal in

magnitude but opposite in direction to the algebraic sum of the
moments about (the centroid of the cross section of the beam
at) the section.
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT

Sign Convention

the internal axial force Q is considered to be positive when the

external forces acting on the member produce tension or have
the tendency to pull the member apart at the section.

the shear S is considered to be positive when the external

forces tend to push the portion of the member on the left of the
section upward with respect to the portion on the right of the
section.
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT

The bending moment M is considered to be positive when the external

forces and couples tend to bend the beam concave upward, causing
compression in the upper fibers and tension in the lower fibers of the beam at
the section.
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT

Determine the axial force, shear, and bending moment at point B of the beam shown in Figure
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT

Determine the shear and bending moment at point B of the beam shown in Figure.
Shear and Bending Moment
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown in Figure.
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown in Figure.
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
QUALITATIVE DEFLECTED SHAPES
QUALITATIVE DEFLECTED SHAPES

A qualitative deflected shape (elastic curve) of a structure is simply a rough (usually

exaggerated) sketch of the neutral surface of the structure, in the deformed position, under the
action of a given loading condition.

According to the sign convention adopted, a positive bending moment bends a beam
concave upward (or toward the positive y direction), whereas a negative bending moment
bends a beam concave downward (or toward the negative y direction). Thus, the sign (positive
or negative) of the curvature at any point along the axis of a beam can be obtained from the
bending moment diagram. Using the signs of curvatures, a qualitative deflected shape (elastic
curve) of the beam, which is consistent with its support conditions, can be easily sketched.
QUALITATIVE DEFLECTED SHAPES
QUALITATIVE DEFLECTED SHAPES
QUALITATIVE DEFLECTED SHAPES
QUALITATIVE DEFLECTED SHAPES
QUALITATIVE DEFLECTED SHAPES
Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and Instability of Plane Frames
STATIC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND INSTABILITY OF
PLANE FRAMES

The conditions for static instability, determinacy, and indeterminacy of plane frames can be
summarized as follows:
STATIC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND INSTABILITY OF
PLANE FRAMES
Draw the shear, bending moment, and the qualitative deflected shape for the frame shown in Figure
STATIC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND INSTABILITY OF
PLANE FRAMES
STATIC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND INSTABILITY OF
PLANE FRAMES
STATIC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND INSTABILITY OF
PLANE FRAMES

Draw the shear, bending moment, and axial force diagrams and the qualitative deflected
shape for the frame shown in Figure.
STATIC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND INSTABILITY OF
PLANE FRAMES
STATIC DETERMINACY, INDETERMINACY, AND INSTABILITY OF
PLANE FRAMES